Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
SuperGen Marine Energy Research Wallace, R., Ingram, D., Jeffrey, H. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
A Vehicle-Mounted Radar for Dual-Purpose Monitoring of Birds Harmata, A., Leighty, G., O'Neil, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Base-Line Investigations of Birds in Relation to an Offshore Wind Farm at Rødsand: Results and Conclusions, 2002 Desholm, M., Kahlert, J., Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Breeding Bird Survey for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York, Fall 2004 Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Windfarms and Birds: An Analysis of the Effects of Windfarms on Birds, and Guidance on Environmental Assessment Criteria and Site Selection Issues Langston, R., Pullan, J. Report Wind Energy Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Minimization of Motion Smear: Reducing Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: Period of Performance: July 12, 1999 - August 31, 2002 Hodos, W. Report Wind Energy Collision Raptors, Birds
Breeding Bird Survey for the Searsburg/Readsboro Expansion Wind Project, Bennington County, Vermont Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Bird Observations at the Pickering Wind Turbine James, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Influence of offshore windmills on migration birds in southeast coast of Sweden Pettersson, J., Stalin, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Stateline Wind Project Wildlife Monitoring Annual Report: Results for the Period July 2001 - December 2002 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Hopkins Ridge Wind Project, Columbia County, Washington: Final Report Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Birds and Offshore Wind Farms: A Hot Topic in Marine Ecology Exo, K., Hüppop, O., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Environmental Assessment: Wind Energy Center Edgeley/Kulm Project North Dakota Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Shades of Green: A Bird's Eye View of Wind Energy Whittam, B., Kingsley, A. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Addendum to the Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York: Phase One and Phase Two Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian Interactions with Wind Power Structures Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Report Wind Energy Birds
Effects of offshore wind farms on birds: "Cuisinarts of the sky" or just tilting at windmills? Tingley, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Avian and Bat Mortality During the First Year of Operation at the Klondike Phase I Wind Project, Sherman County, Oregon Johnson, G., Erickson, W., White, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Two White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) Collide with Wind Generators in Northern Germany Krone, O., Scharnweber, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Windmar Project, Guyanilla, Puerto Rico Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Collision Potential of Eiders and Other Birds Near a Proposed Windfarm at St. Lawrence Island, October-November 2002 Day, R., Rose, J., Ritchie, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Musselroe Wind Farm Project Summary Ellis, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian and Sensitive Species Baseline Study Final Report: Eurus Combine Hills Turbine Ranch Umatilla County, Oregon Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Offshore Wind Energy in Europe— A Review of the State-of-the-Art Henderson, A., Morgan, C., Smith, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of the 20 MW Wind Power Project in Tejona, Costa Rica Report of Phase 2 of the Tejona Wind Power Project (TWPP) van Hulle, F., van Roekel, G., de Jongh, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Avian and Bat Mortality Associated with the Initial Phase of the Foote Creek Rim Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming November 1998-June 2002 Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Good, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Wind Turbines and Birds in Flanders: Preliminary Study Results and Recommendations Everaert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Guidelines for Wind Power and Wildlife in Washington State, USA Ling, S., Linehan, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Thermal Animal Detection System (TADS): Development of a Method for Estimating Collision Frequency of Migrating Birds at Offshore Wind Turbines Desholm, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Waterfowl, Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
National Wind Technology Center Site Environmental Assessment: Bird and Bat Use and Fatalities - Final Report Schmidt, E., Piaggo, A., Bock, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Comparison of Avian Responses to UV-Light-Reflective Paint on Wind Turbines Young, D., Erickson, W., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Wildlife Baseline Study for the Kittitas Valley Wind Project: Summary of Results from 2002 Wildlife Surveys Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Young, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
A Roadmap for PIER Research on Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines in California Sterner, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Raptors
Synthesis and Comparison of Baseline Avian and Bat Use, Raptor Nesting and Mortality Information from Proposed and Existing Wind Developments Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Young, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Effects of Wind Turbines on Birds and Bats in Northeastern Wisconsin Howe, R., Evans, W., Wolf, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Maiden Wind Farm, Yakima and Benton Counties, Washington Young, D., Erickson, W., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Elsam. Offshore Wind Farm. Horns Rev. Annual status report for the environmental monitoring programme 1. January 2001 - 31. December 2001 Tech-Wise A/S Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Avian/Wind Turbine Interactions: A Short Summary of Research Results and Remaining Questions National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Collision Mortality of Local and Migrant Birds at a Large-Scale Wind-Power Development on Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Johnson, G., Erickson, W., Strickland, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Billia Croo Environmental Statement Carl Bro Group Report Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
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