Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Male Greater Prairie-Chickens Adjust their Vocalizations in the Presence of Wind Turbine Noise Whalen, C., Brown, M., McGee, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Large-scale Water-related Innovative Renewable Energy Projects and the Habitats and Birds Directives: Legal Issues and Solutions van Hees, S. Journal Article Marine Energy Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
New Creek Wind Project 2017 Post-construction Monitoring Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Dodging the blades: new insights into three-dimensional space use of offshore wind farms by lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Dodging the blades: new insights into threedimensional space use of offshore wind farms by lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Impacts of wind turbines on redheads in the Laguna Madre Lange, C., Ballard, B., Collins, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Waterfowl, Birds
Effects of Moorings on Different Types of Marine Habitat Morrisey, D., Cameron, M., Newcombe, E. Report Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2017 Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Report Marine Energy, Tidal Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Tracking Migratory Bird Movements in the Gulf of Maine with Automated Telemetry and Stable Hydrogen Isotope Markers Smetzer, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Seabird monitoring at the Thornton Bank offshore wind farm: Lesser black-backed gull distribution in and around the wind farm using GPS logger data Vanermen, N., Courtens, W., Daelemans, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Birds, Seabirds
Whooping Crane and Sandhill Crane Monitoring at Five Wind Energy Facilities Derby, C., Welsch, M., Thorn, T. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Shorebirds
Scale-dependent habitat selection by wintering geese: implications for landscape management Harrison, A., Petkov, N., Mitev, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Waterfowl, Birds
Seabird Counts at North Caithness Cliffs SPA in 2015 and 2016 for Marine Renewable Casework Swann, B. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Avian Monitoring and Mortality Report at the National Wind Technology Center: January 2010 - February 2011 Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Assessing and Managing Effect Spheres of Influence Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
GenEst User Guide-Software for a Generalized Estimator of Mortality Simonis, J., Dalthorp, D., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Seabird counts at St Abb's Head to Fast Castle SPA in 2016 for Marine Renewables Casework Swann, B. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Biodiversity and Wind Farms in Portugal: Current Knowledge and Insights for an Integrated Impact Assessment Process Mascarenhas, M., Marques, A., Ramalho, R. Book Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Mapping the global potential exposure of soaring birds to terrestrial wind energy expansion Santangeli, A., Butchart, S., Pogson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Meteorological and Environmental Variables Affect Flight Behaviour and Decision-Making of an Obligate Soaring Bird, the California Condor Gymnogyps californianus Poessel, S., Brandt, J., Miller, T. Journal Article Raptors, Birds
Public receptiveness of vertical axis wind turbines Hui, I., Cain, B., Dabiri, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
U.S. Geological Survey - Energy and Wildlife Research Annual Report for 2017 Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy Terrestrial Mammals, Fish, Birds, Bats
Seabird species vary in behavioural response to drone census Brisson-Curadeau, E., Bird, D., Burke, C. Journal Article Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Bird collision with power lines: estimating carcass persistence and detection associated with ground search surveys Borner, L., Duriez, O., Besnard, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Estimating flight heights of seabirds using optical rangefinders and GPS data loggers: a methodological comparison Borkenhagen, K., Corman, A., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Bird Detection and Species Classification with Time-Lapse Images around a Wind Farm: Dataset Construction and Evaluation Yoshihashi, R., Kawakami, R., Iida, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Do birds in flight respond to (ultra)violet lighting? May, R., Åström, J., Hamre, Ø. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Benchmarking sensor fusion capabilities of an integrated instrumentation package Cotter, E., Murphy, P., Polagye, B. Journal Article Marine Energy Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor Peron, G., Fleming, C., Duriez, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
Do American Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis dominica) Avoid Wind-energy Turbines in Agricultural Fields in Indiana During Spring Migration? Homoya, W., Moore, J., Ruhl, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Shorebirds, Birds
The Effects of Wind Power on Birds and Bats: An Updated Synthesis Report Rydell, J., Ottvall, R., Pettersson, S. Report Wind Energy Birds, Bats
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy First Annual Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
2016-2017 Status Assessment and Update on the Wind Vision Roadmap DeMeo, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors
SafeWind Chiro - Evaluation of the activity of chiroptera near wind turbines by video detection Roche, H., Valles, F., Goutorbe, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Responses of Two Marine Top Predators to an Offshore Wind Farm Vallejo, G., Grellier, K., Nelson, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Bird migration monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Kaliakra region, in autumn 2017, and an analysis of potential impact after eight years of operation Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Applying citizen-science data and mark–recapture models to estimate numbers of migrant Golden Eagles in an Important Bird Area in eastern North America Dennhardt, A., Duerr, A., Brandes, D. Journal Article Raptors, Birds
Scavenger removal of bird carcasses at simulated wind turbines: Does carcass type matter? DeVault, T., Seamans, T., Linnell, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
East Anglia TWO Offshore Windfarm Scoping Report ScottishPower Renewables Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Marine Spatial Plan for Washington’s Pacific Coast Bates, E., Gianou, K., Hennessey, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
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