Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat Selection, Survival, and Wind Energy Infrastructure LeBeau, C., Johnson, G., Holloran, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Nocturnal migrants do not incur higher collision risk at wind turbines than diurnally active species Welcker, J., Liesenjohann, M., Blew, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Golden Eagle Fatalities and the Continental-Scale Consequences of Local Wind-Energy Generation Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Braham, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Towards a Framework for Quantifying the Population-Level Consequences of Anthropogenic Pressures on the Environment: The Case of Seabirds and Windfarms Cook, A., Robinson, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Visualising the Aspect-Dependent Radar Cross Section of Seabirds over a Tidal Energy Test Site Using a Commercial Marine Radar System McCann, D., Bell, P. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "St. Nikola" territory and the Kaliakra region in winter 2016/2017 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Impact on seabirds of new offshore wind energy test and demonstration projects in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP, N. Spain) Bald, J., Franco, J., Menchaca, I. Presentation Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Greater sage‐grouse male lek counts relative to a wind energy development LeBeau, C., Beck, J., Johnson, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Climate Change, Wind Energy, and Conservation: A Survey of Conflicting Issues Bauman, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Distribution, Nesting Activities, and Age-Class of Territorial Pairs of Golden Eagles at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California, 2014-16 Kolar, P., Wiens, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Review of Methods and Techniques for Field Validation of Collision Rates and Avoidance Amongst Birds and Bats at Offshore Wind Turbines Dirksen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Bat 1: Estimate of bat populations at the southern North Sea - Supporting note to ZDV report no. 2016.031 Migrating bats at the southern North Sea Lagerveld, S., Limpens, H., Schillemans, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Comparing Bird And Bat Data For New Wind Power Generation Smallwood, S., Neher, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Verreauxs' Eagle and Wind Farms: Guidelines for Impact Assessment, Monitoring, and Mitigation BirdLife South Africa Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Quantifying the Demographic Cost of Human-Related Mortality to a Raptor Population Hunt, W., Wiens, J., Law, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
A balanced solution to the cumulative threat of industrialized wind farm development on cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wind Farms in Areas of High Ornithological Value - Conflicts, Solutions, Challenges: The Case of Thrace, Greece Kafetzis, A., Kret, E., Skartsi, D. Book Chapter Wind Energy Collision Raptors, Birds
Red Kites and Wind Farms - Telemetry Data from the Core Breeding Range Hötker, H., Mammen, K., Mammen, U. Book Chapter Wind Energy Collision Passerines, Birds
Radar Assisted Shutdown on Demand Ensures Zero Soaring Bird Mortality at a Wind Farm Located in a Migratory Flyway Tomé, R., Canário, F., Leitão, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy Collision Birds
A Method to Assess the Population-Level Consequences of Wind Energy Facilities on Bird and Bat Species Diffendorfer, J., Beston, J., Merrill, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy Birds, Bats
Introducing a New Avian Sensitivity Mapping Tool to Support the Siting of Wind Farms and Power Lines in the Middle East and Northeast Africa Allinson, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Unforeseen Responses of a Breeding Seabird to the Construction of an Offshore Wind Farm Harwood, A., Perrow, M., Berridge, R. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
The Challenges of Addressing Wildlife Impacts When Repowering Wind Energy Projects Smallwood, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
A Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects (FAECE) of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds, Bats and Marine Mammals in the Southern North Sea Platteeuw, M., Bakker, J., van den Bosch, I. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Birds, Bats
Bird Mortality in Two Dutch Wind Farms: Effects of Location, Spatial Design and Interactions with Powerlines Brenninkmeijer, A., Klop, E. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Wind Turbines and Birds in Germany - Examples of Current Knowledge, New Insights and Remaining Gaps Reichenbach, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy Birds
A Large-Scale, Multispecies Assessment of Avian Mortality Rates at Land-Based Wind Turbines in Northern Germany Grunkorn, T., Blew, J., Kruger, O. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A Bridge Between Oceans: Overland Migration of Marine Birds in a Wind Energy Corridor Lamb, J., Newstead, D., Koczur, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds
Effects Matrix for Evaluating Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Development on U.S. Atlantic Coastal Habitats Latham, P., Fiore, W., Bauman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Seabird Distribution and Abundance in the Offshore Environment Final Report Kuletz, K., Labunski, E. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
A Spatial Explicit Agent Based Model Approach to Evaluate the Performance of Different Monitoring Options for Mortality Estimates in the Scope of Onshore Windfarm Impact Assessments Santos, M., Bastos, R., Ferreira, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Appendix J WEST NEXRAD Analysis: Assessment of Nocturnal Bird Migration Activity from Weather Radar Data for the Proposed Icebreaker Wind Energy Facility, Lake Erie, Ohio Nations, C., Gordon, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
The effects of atmospheric currents on the migratory behavior of soaring birds: a review Nourani, E., Yamaguchi, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds
Comparing Pre- Versus Postoperational Movement of Nocturnal Migrants around a Wind Energy Facility in Northeast British Columbia, Canada d'Entremont, M., Hartley, I., Otter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Status of herpatofaunal diversity of Ramagiri east and west reserve forests of Ananthapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh Subramanyam, B., Khan, I., Kumari, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Tafila Region Wind Power Projects: Cumulative Effects Assessment International Finance Corporation (IFC) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Wind Energy’s Impacts on Birds in South Africa: A Preliminary Review of the Results of Operational Monitoring at the First Wind Farms of the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme in South Africa Ralston-Paton, S., Smallie, J., Pearson, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Analysis of the Possible Displacement of Bird and Marine Mammal Species Related to the Installation and Operation of Marine Energy Conversion Systems Long, C. Report Marine Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals
Determining Fine-Scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry Spiegel, C., Berlin, A., Gilbert, A. Report Birds, Seabirds
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus population trends in relation to wind farms Wilson, M., Fernandex-Bellon, D., Irwin, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
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