Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus population trends in relation to wind farms Wilson, M., Fernandex-Bellon, D., Irwin, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Tafila Region Wind Power Projects: Cumulative Effects Assessment International Finance Corporation (IFC) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Estimation of bird fatalities caused by wind turbines in Turkey Arikan, K., Turan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind Energy’s Impacts on Birds in South Africa: A Preliminary Review of the Results of Operational Monitoring at the First Wind Farms of the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme in South Africa Ralston-Paton, S., Smallie, J., Pearson, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Analysis of the Possible Displacement of Bird and Marine Mammal Species Related to the Installation and Operation of Marine Energy Conversion Systems Long, C. Report Marine Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals
Determining Fine-Scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry Spiegel, C., Berlin, A., Gilbert, A. Report Birds, Seabirds
DTBird System Pilot Installation in Sweden. Possibilities for Bird Monitoring Systems around Wind Farms. Experiences from Sweden's First DTBird Installation Litsgård, F., Eriksson, M., Wizelius, T. Report Wind Energy Birds
Assessment of Displacement Impacts of Offshore Windfarms and Other Human Activities on Red-Throated Divers and Alcids McGovern, S., Goddard, B., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Lack of Sound Science in Assessing Wind Farm Impacts on Seabirds Green, R., Langston, R., McCluskie, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Modelling flight heights of Lesser Black-backed Gulls and Great Skuas from GPS: a Bayesian approach Ross-Smith, V., Thaxter, C., Masden, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Patterns of migrating soaring migrants indicate attraction to marine wind farms Skov, H., Desholm, M., Heinänen, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Quantifying Pursuit-Diving Seabirds' Associations with Fine-Scale Physical Features in Tidal Stream Environments Waggitt, J., Cazenave, P., Torres, R. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Response of migrating raptors to an increasing number of wind farms Cabrera-Cruz, S., Villegas-Patraca, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Project Icebreaker Bird and Bat Risk Analysis Gordon, C., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Bats, Birds
Appendix L-1 WEST Summary of Risks to Birds and Bats Gordon, C., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Offshore wind energy ecological programme (Wozep) Monitoring and research programme 2017-2021 WOZEP project team Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
The most Important Environmental Project in a German Offshore Wind Farm: Accompanying Ecological Research on the Offshore Test Field Project Alpha Ventus Beiersdorf, A., Boethling, M., Binder, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Constraints on Development of Wind Energy in Poland due to Environmental Objectives. Is There Space in Poland for Wind Farm Siting? Hajto, M., Cichocki, Z., Bidlasik, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Bird Migration Intensity and Number of Collision Victims at the Wind Power Plant Le Peuchapatte (Switzerland) Aschwanden, J., Liechti, F. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Bird and Bat Impacts and Behaviors at Old Wind Turbines at Forebay, Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K., Neher, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Bird migration monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Kaliakra region, in autumn 2016, and an analysis of potential impact after seven years of operation Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Collision and Displacement Vulnerability Among Marine Birds of the California Current System Associated with Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure Adams, J., Kelsey, E., Felis, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
Seabirds and Offshore Wind Farms in European Waters: Avoidance and Attraction Dierschke, V., Furness, R., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
Evaluating Digital VHF Technology to Monitor Shorebird and Seabird Use of Offshore Wind Energy Areas in the Western North Atlantic Loring, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Collision Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Predicting the offshore distribution and abundance of marine birds with a hierarchical community distance sampling model Goyert, H., Gardner, B., Sollmann, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Wind energy, nest success, and post‐fledging survival of Buteo hawks Kolar, P., Bechard, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Using multi-label classification for acoustic pattern detection and assisting bird species surveys Zhang, L., Towsey, M., Xie, J. Journal Article Birds
Terrestrial and marine foraging strategies of an opportunistic seabird species breeding in the Wadden Sea Garthe, S., Schwemmer, P., Paiva, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Incorporating Data Uncertainty when Estimating Potential Vulnerability of Scottish Seabirds to Marine Renewable Energy Developments Wade, H., Masden, E., Jackson, A. Journal Article Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Beatrice Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Consultation Version) Repsol, Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Predicting Eagle Fatalities at Wind Facilities Bay, K., Nasman, K., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Welcker, J., Nehls, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Displacement Seabirds, Birds
Post-Construction Avian and Bat Mortality Monitoring at the Alta X Wind Energy Project, Kern County, California. Final Report for the Second Year of Operation: April 2015 – April 2016 Thompson, J., Boyd, C., Lombardi, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A Synchronized Sensor Array for Remote Monitoring of Avian and Bat Interactions with Offshore Renewable Energy Facilities Suryan, R., Albertani, R., Polagye, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Bats
A survey on bird activity monitoring and collision avoidance techniques in windmill turbines Aishwarya, K., Kathryn, J., Lakshmi, R. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Birds
Bird Migration Monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Kaliakra Region, in Autumn 2015, and an Analysis of Potential Impact after Six Years of Operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Green Dilemma of Wind Farm on Avifauna: Future Ecological Considerations of Wind Energy Expansion in Ethiopia Mulualem, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Marine Biogeographic Assessment of the Main Hawaiian Islands Costa, B., Kendall, M. Report Seabirds, Reptiles, Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Fish, Demersal Fish, Birds
Negative Impact of Wind Energy Development on a Breeding Shorebird Assessed with a BACI Study Design Sansom, A., Pearce-Higgins, J., Douglas, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Shorebirds, Birds
Displaying 1121 - 1160 of 2478 results