Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Density dependence and marine bird populations: are wind farm assessments precautionary? Horswill, C., O'Brien, S., Robinson, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Multisensor Acoustic Tracking of Fish and Seabird Behavior Around Tidal Turbine Structures in Scotland Williamson, B., Fraser, S., Blondel, P. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Seabirds, Fish, Birds
The song of Skylarks Alauda arvensis indicates the deterioration of an acoustic environment resulting from wind farm start‐up Szymanski, P., Deoniziak, K., Losak, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Industrial Wind Turbine Post-Construction Bird and Bat Monitoring: A Policy Framework for Canada Parisé, J., Walker, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Breeding density, fine-scale tracking, and large-scale modeling reveal the regional distribution of four seabird species Wakefield, E., Owen, E., Baer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
From Agricultural Benefits to Aviation Safety: Realizing the Potential of Continent-Wide Radar Networks Bauer, S., Chapman, J., Reynolds, D. Journal Article Birds
Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Sourced Electric Production for the Province of Sinop/Turkey Alcan, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Using GPS Transmitters to Explore Movement Ecology and to Assess Risk of the Wind Energy Industry for Swainson's Hawks Watson, K., Boal, C., Groen, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Offshore wind farms and birds: incorporating uncertainty in collision risk models: a test of Masden (2015) Trinder, M. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds
Book of Abstracts of the Xth International Symposium on Wild Fauna (ISoWiF 2017) Monzón, A., Chaves, R., Teixeira, A. Conference Paper Birds
An Overview on Methods to Assess Bird and Bat Collision Risk in Wind Farms Rodrigues, S., Rosa, L., Mascarenhas, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy Collision Birds, Bats
Wind Industry in Portugal and Its Impacts on Wildlife: Special Focus on Spatial and Temporal Distribution on Bird and Bat Fatalities Marqués, J., Rodrigues, S., Ferriera, R. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Estimating Bird and Bat Fatality at Wind Farms: From Formula-Based Methods to Models to Assess Impact Significance Marqués, J., Rodrigues, L., Silva, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy Birds, Bats
Impacts of On-shore Wind Farms in Wildlife Communities: Direct Fatalities and Indirect Impacts (Behavioural and Habitat Effects) Pereira, P., Salgueiro, N., Mesquita, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy Terrestrial Mammals, Birds, Bats
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Golden Eagle Diets in the Western United States, with Implications for Conservation Planning Kochert, M., Watson, J., Steenhof, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Bird and Bat Species' Global Vulnerability to Collision Mortality at Wind Farms Revealed Through a Trait-Based Assessment Thaxter, C., Buchanan, G., Carr, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Flight status of seabirds around the Choshi offshore windmill Ueda, M., Shimada, Y., Naga, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds
Golden Eagles in a Changing World Collopy, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Towards energy landscapes – “Pathfinder for sustainable wind power locations” Eichhorn, M., Tafarte, P., Thran, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Greater Sage-Grouse: Overview and Effects of Wind Energy Development National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Golden Eagle Diet Breadth and Reproduction in Relation to Fluctuations in Primary Prey Abundance in Wyoming's Bighorn Basin Preston, C., Jones, R., Horton, N. Journal Article Raptors, Birds
Testing for errors in estimating bird mortality rates at wind farms and power lines Farfan, M., Duarte, J., Fa, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Review of Options for Mitigating Take of Golden Eagles at Wind Energy Facilities Allison, T., Cochrane, J., Lonsdorf, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
CEDREN Final Report Centre for Environmental Design of Renewable Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Fish
No Substitute for Survival: Perturbation Analyses Using a Golden Eagle Population Model Reveal Limits to Managing for Take Tack, J., Fedy, B., Noon, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Spatial Demographic Models to Inform Conservation Planning of Golden Eagles in Renewable Energy Landscapes Wiens, J., Schumaker, N., Inman, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
The intertidal wetlands of southern Jiangsu Province, China – globally important for Spoon-billed Sandpipers and other threatened waterbirds, but facing multiple serious threats Peng, H., Anderson, G., Chang, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Shorebirds
Turbine Induced Bird and Bat Fatalities at Wind Projects: Statistical Methods for Mortality Estimation Using Road and Pad Carcass Surveys Maurer, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Seasonal occurrence of seabirds and marine mammals at a wave energy test site Hunt, W., Nykänen, M., Bennison, A. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Nest site selection and nest survival of Greater Prairie-Chickens near a wind energy facility Harrison, J., Powell, L., Brown, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Flights of drones over sub-Antarctic seabirds show species- and status-specific behavioural and physiological responses Weimerskirch, H., Prudor, A., Schull, Q. Journal Article Birds
Bird Impact Analysis of a Composite Wind Turbine Blade Tejas, K., Prashanth, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Grassland bird community and acoustic complexity appear unaffected by proximity to a wind energy facility in the Nebraska Sandhills Raynor, E., Whalen, C., Brown, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds
Intense short-wavelength light triggers avoidance response by Red-tailed Hawks: A new tool for raptor diversion? Foss, C., Ronning, D., Merker, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Raptors, Birds
Performance Test and Verification of an Off the Shelf Automated Avian Radar Tracking System May, R., Steinheim, Y., Kvaløy, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Match Between Soaring Modes of Black Kites and the Fine-Scale Distribution of Updrafts Santos, C., Hanssen, F., Muñoz, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Stereo-Optic High Definition Imaging: A New Technology to Understand Bird and Bat Avoidance of Wind Turbines Adams, E., Burns, S., Dorr, C. Report Wind Energy Birds, Bats
Remotely sensed wind speed predicts soaring behaviour in a wide-ranging pelagic seabird Gibb, R., Shoji, A., Fayet, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Seabirds
Feasibility Study for Meta-Analysis of Red-Throated Diver Displacement Dirksen, S., Coppack, T., Searle, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Interpreting failure to reject the null hypothesis of displacement from wind turbines in three species of grassland birds: Response to Johnson (2016) Hale, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Passerines, Birds
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