Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Behaviour related flight speeds of Sandwich Terns and their implications for wind farm collision rate modelling and impact assessment Fijn, R., Gyimesi, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Seabirds, Birds
Cape Vulture and Wind Farms: Guidelines for impact assessment, monitoring and mitigation Pfeiffer, M., Ralston-Paton, S. Guidance Wind Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions
Wind farms affect the occurrence, abundance and population trends of small passerine birds: The case of the Dupont's lark Gomez-Catasus, J., Garza, V., Traba, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Fixed Point Raptor Migration Survey at the National Wind Technology Center: April 2010 Ryon, T., Brenda, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix Q: Avian and Bat Risk Assessment Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Seabirds
Potential biological removal of white-tailed eagles and its application to environmental impact assessment for wind farms in Japan Matsuda, H., Tani, K., Shimada, Y. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
How many observation days are needed to reliably describe bird migration? Tanskanen, A., Yrjola, R., Baum, U. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
A review of searcher efficiency and carcass persistence in infrastructure-driven mortality assessment studies Barrientos, R., Martins, R., Ascensão, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Enabling Future Arrays in Tidal: Y1 Environmental Monitoring Report Smith, K., Simpson, N. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Impact of wind farms on soaring bird populations at a migratory bottleneck Martin, B., Perez-Bacalu, C., Onrubia, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Modeling At-Sea Density of Marine Birds to Support Atlantic Marine Renewable Energy Planning Winship, A., Kinlan, B., White, T. Report Marine Energy Birds
Effects of wind farms on the spatial distribution of Guillemots Zuur, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
The Ornithodolite as a tool to quantify animal space use and habitat selection: a case study with birds diving in tidal waters Cole, E., Waggitt, J., Hedenstrom, A. Journal Article Marine Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Field validation of radar systems for monitoring bird migration Nilsson, C., Dokter, A., Schmid, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Is bird conservation a barrier to wind energy? Aversa, I., Polizel, J., Montaño, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Shorebird Staging and Migratory Movements at Chaplin and Reed Lakes, Saskatchewan, with Implications for Wind Energy Development Howell, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Shorebirds, Birds
Inventory and assessment of models and methods used for describing quantifying and assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms van Oostveen, M., Sierdsma, F., Kwakkel, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
The utility of point count surveys to predict wildlife interactions with wind energy facilities: An example focused on golden eagles Sur, M., Belhoff, J., Bjerre, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Predicting Migratory Corridors of White Storks, Ciconia ciconia, to Enhance Sustainable Wind Energy Planning: A Data-Driven Agent-Based Model Oloo, F., Safi, K., Aryal, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
MegaRoller Apolonia, M., Simas, T. Research Study Marine Energy, Wave Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Opportunistically collected data reveal habitat selection by migrating Whooping Cranes in the US Northern Plains Niemuth, N., Ryba, A., Pearse, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Flight Response to Spatial and Temporal Correlates Informs Risk from Wind Turbines to the California Condor Poessel, S., Brandt, J., Mendenhall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Estimating wind turbine fatalities using integrated detection trials Smallwood, K. Shawn, Bell, D., Walther, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Stochastic Collision Risk Model for Seabirds in Flight McGregor, R., King, S., Donovan, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "St. Nikola" territory and the Kaliakra region in winter 2017/2018 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Bird Collisions at Wind Turbines in a Mountainous Area Related to Bird Movement Intensities Measured by Radar Aschwanden, J., Stark, H., Peter, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Passerines, Birds
Ecological Impact of Airborne Wind Energy Technology: Current State of Knowledge and Future Research Agenda Bruinzeel, L., Klop, E., Brenninkmeijer, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy Collision Birds
Wind Turbine Sensor Array for Monitoring Avian and Bat Collisions Hu, C., Albertani, R., Suryan, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Bats
Raptor Interactions with Wind Energy: Case Studies from Around the World Watson, R., Kolar, P., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Tier 4 Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Study for the Odell Wind Energy Project Cottonwood and Jackson Counties, Minnesota: Final Fatality Report December 2016 – December 2017 Chodachek, K., Gustafson, Z. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Eagle Take Minimization System Petr, R., Knag, J., Laufer, E. Report Wind Energy Raptors, Birds
Black Guillemot Ecology in Relation to Tidal Stream Energy Generation: An Evaluation of Current Knowledge and Information Gaps Johnston, D., Furness, R., Robbins, A. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Predicting the impacts of wind farms on seabirds: An individual-based model Warwick-Evans, V., Atkinson, P., Walkington, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
Collision sensitive niche profile of the worst affected bird-groups at wind turbine structures in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany Bose, A., Durr, T., Klenke, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Appendix L-2 WEST Bird and Bat Annual Report 2018 Gordon, C., Matteson, A., Stucker, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Avian Use Surveys for the Prevailing Winds Wind Project: Bon Homme and Charles Mix Counties, South Dakota. Year Two Final Report: March 3, 2016 - April 19, 2017 Derby, C., Agudelo, S., Thorn, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Combining radar and direct observation to estimate pelican collision risk at a proposed wind farm on the Cape west coast, South Africa Jenkins, A., Reid, T., du Plessis, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Waterfowl, Birds
Impacts of onshore wind energy production on birds and bats: recommendations for future life cycle impact assessment developments Laranjeiro, T., May, R., Verones, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Finding out the Fate of Displaced Birds Searle, K., Mobbs, D., Butler, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Displaying 921 - 960 of 2478 results