Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6409
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Modeling At-Sea Occurrence and Abundance of Marine Birds to Support Atlantic Marine Renewable Energy Planning: Phase 1 Report Kinlan, B., Winship, A., White, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Aerial-Hawking Bats Can Glean Prey Items From Surfaces Similar to Wind Turbine Towers: Implications for Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Facilities Jarzombek, L. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Attraction Bats
Collaborative Fisheries Planning for Virginia's Offshore Wind Energy Area Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Mexican energy reform, climate change, and energy justice in indigenous communities Baker, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Literature review and evidence based field study on the effects of high voltage transmission lines on birds RPS group Report Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds
Ground-Level Climate at a Peatland Wind Farm in Scotland is Affected by Wind Turbine Operation Armstrong, A., Burton, R., Lee, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Modelling impacts of offshore wind farms on trophic web: the Courseulles-sur-Mer case study Raoux, A., Pezy, J., Dauvin, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Avian interactions with renewable energy infrastructure: An update Smith, J., Dwyer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wintering Sandhill Crane Exposure to Wind Energy Development in the Central and Southern Great Plains, USA Pearse, A., Brandt, D., Krapu, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2016 Rodrigues, L. Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats
The habitat association of bats in the South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada: Radar-acoustic surveys to assess the use of vineyards by insectivorous bats (Vespertilionidae) Dagenais, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Reducing the Collision Risk for Bats at Onshore Wind Turbines (RENEBAT II) Behr, O., Brinkmann, R., Korner-Nievergelt, F. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
An Indicator to Objectively Quantify the Visual Impact of an Offshore Wind Farm Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Feasibility of Sensor Development for Monitoring Marine Growth Yunnie, A., Vance, T., Ramsden, R. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Testing sensitivity of metrics of seabird population response to offshore wind farm impacts Cook, A., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds
ABC’s Bird-Smart Wind Energy Campaign: Protecting Birds from Poorly Sited Wind Energy Development Hutchins, M., Parr, M., Schroeder, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
A Theoretical Approach to Estimating Bird Risk of Collision with Wind Turbines Where Empirical Flight Activity Data Are Lacking Furness, R., Trinder, M., MacArthur, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision Birds
Impact of Wind Energy on Bats: A Summary of Our Current Knowledge Hein, C., Schirmacher, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats
Practices and rationales of community engagement with wind farms: awareness raising, consultation, empowerm Aitken, M., Haggett, C., Rudolph, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Stakeholder Engagement
Framework for Testing the Effectiveness of Bat and Eagle Impact-Reduction Strategies at Wind Energy Projects Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Habitat use of migratory bats killed during autumn at wind turbines Voigt, C., Lindecke, O., Schonborn, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats
Wind Energy Industry Eagle Detection and Deterrents: Research Gaps and Solutions Workshop Summary Report Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Testing sensitivity of metrics of seabird population response to offshore wind farm effects Cook, A., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Avian Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America: A Comparison of Recent Approaches Johnson, D., Loss, S., Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Local acceptance by people with unvoiced opinions living close to a wind farm: A case study from Japan Motosu, M., Maruyama, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Final Report Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Bird Fatality Study, Monitoring Years 2005–2013 ICF International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of 200 MW Wind Project at Village Aspari, District Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh Voyant Solutions Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Wind Energy Development: Methods to Assess Bird and Bat Fatality Rates Post-Construction Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Impact of Wind Energy on Wildlife: Synthesis Leopold, B., Hutchins, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Special Topic: Wildlife and Wind Energy: Are They Compatible? Hutchins, M., Leopold, B. Journal Article Wind Energy
What Drives Attitudes towards Marine Renewable Energy Development in Island Communities in the UK? de Groot, J., Bailey, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Stakeholder Engagement, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Monitoring the acoustic effects of pile driving for the first offshore wind farm in the United States Newhall, A., Lin, Y., Miller, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Wind Energy Development: Methods for Assessing Risks to Birds and Bats Pre-Construction Katzner, T., Bennett, V., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Reconciling endangered species conservation with wind farm development: Cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Schindler, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Renewable Energy in situ Power Cable Observation Love, M., Nishimoto, M., Clark, S. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, EMF Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "St. Nikola" territory and the Kaliakra region in winter 2015/2016 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Mitigating Wind Energy Impacts on Wildlife: Approaches for Multiple Taxa Arnett, E., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
A Conceptual Model to Determine Vulnerability of Wildlife Populations to Offshore Wind Energy Development Goodale, M., Stenhouse, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions
Ten of the worst-cited wind energy projects for birds American Bird Conservancy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Buried Alive: The Behavioural Response of the Mussels, Modiolus modiolus and Mytilus edulis to Sudden Burial by Sediment Hutchison, Z., Hendrick, V., Burrows, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
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