Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6409
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
The environmental impact of wind turbine blade Liu, P., Barlow, C. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Bird Migration Monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Kaliakra Region, in Autumn 2015, and an Analysis of Potential Impact after Six Years of Operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Prognosis and Assessment of Bird Collision Risks at Wind Turbines in Northern Germany PROGRESS Grunkorn, T., von Ronn, J., Blew, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Environmental and Social Footprint of Offshore Wind Energy: Comparison with Onshore Counterpart Kaldellis, J., Apostolou, D., Kapsali, M. Journal Article Wind Energy
Wind farm externalities and public preferences for community consultation in Ireland: A discrete choice experiments approach Brennan, N., Van Rensburg, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Offshore Wind Turbines: An Overview of the Effects on the Marine Environment Riefolo, L., Lanfredi, C., Azzellino, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Risks and Risk Management of Renewable Energy Projects: The Case of Onshore and Offshore Wind Parks Gatzert, N., Kosub, T. Journal Article Wind Energy
A review of crustacean sensitivity to high amplitude underwater noise: Data needs for effective risk assessment in relation to UK commercial species Edmonds, N., Firmin, C., Goldsmith, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Guidance on effective adaptive management and post-consent monitoring strategies Bennet, F., Culloch, R., Tait, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Appendix O Summary of Current Information Related to Electromagnetic Field Impacts on Fish and LEEDCo Proposed Transmission Cable Verhamme, E., Daley, J., Peterson, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Demersal Fish
Feasibility and LCA for a Wave Dragon platform with wind turbines Soerensen, H., Friis-Madsen, E., Russell, I. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Utilization Probability Map for Migrating Bald Eagles in Northeastern North America: A Tool for Siting Wind Energy Facilities and Other Flight Hazards Mojica, E., Watts, B., Turrin, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Scavenging of small bird carrion in southwestern Germany by beetles, birds and mammals Henrich, M., Tietze, D., Wink, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Wind Farms Community Engagement Good Practice Review Aitken, M., Haggett, C., Rudolph, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Mitigation Measures for Wildlife in Wind Energy Development, Consolidating the State of Knowledge — Part 2: Operation, Decommissioning Gartman, V., Bulling, L., Dahmen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds
Mitigation Measures for Wildlife in Wind Energy Development, Consolidating the State of Knowledge - Part 2: Operation, Decommissioning Gartman, V., Bulling, L., Dahmen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy
Legal feasibility of implementing a risk-based approach to MRE consenting and compatibility with Natura 2000 network Le Lièvre, C., O'Hagan, A., Culloch, R. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Black - billed Cuckoo Conservation Plan for the California Ridge Wind Energy Project Champaign and Vermilion Counties, Illinois Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Proximity to wind-power plants reduces the breeding success of the white-tailed eagle Balotari-Chiebao, F., Brommer, J., Niinimaki, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Severe decline in Cantabrian Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus cantabricus habitat use after construction of a wind farm Gonzalez, M., Garcia-Tejero, S., Wengert, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
Assessment of Diurnal Wind Turbine Collision Risk for Grassland Birds on the Southern Great Plains Wulff, S., Butler, M., Ballard, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Impact of Wind-Energy Generation on Climate: A Rising Spectre Abbasi, S., Abbasi, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Final Environmental Impact Statement Na Pua Makani Wind Project and Habitat Conservation Plan Case, S., Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Rampion OWF - Geotechnical Survey, Revision 2 - Final Results Report EGS Ltd. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Harbour Porpoise Abundance in the German Bight: Assessment of Noise Effects Brandt, M., Dragon, A., Diederichs, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Guidelines for Conducting Bird and Bat Studies at Commercial Wind Energy Projects New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Bats in a Mediterranean Mountainous Landscape: Does Wind Farm Repowering Induce Changes at Assemblage and Species Level? Ferri, V., Battisti, C., Soccini, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Geo-Spatial Tool for the Assessment Offshore Pile Driving Noise Effects on Marine Mammals Daoud, W., Kasama, K., Saleh, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Low Frequency Alternating Current (LFAC) Transmission Systems for Offshore Wind Farms: Case Studies on the Use of LFAC, Based on Horns Rev 3 Offshore Wind Farm Allgot, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Physical Environment
Unstructured Grid Modelling of Offshore Wind Farm Impacts on Seasonally Stratified Shelf Seas Cazenave, P., Torres, R., Allen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Widespread Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies in the UK Gove, B., Williams, L., Beresford, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Habitat selection by adult golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos during the breeding season and implications for wind farm establishment Singh, N., Moss, E., Hipkiss, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Developing an Indicator System for Measuring the Social Sustainability of Offshore Wind Power Farms Shiau, T-A., Chuen-Yu, J-K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Regulatory Framework for Design, Construction and Operation of Floating Wind Turbine Platforms Aubault, A., Roddier, D., Banister, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Role of Benthic Habitat Distribution Data in Coastal Water Wind Turbine Site Selection Sahla, M., Kalliola, R., Haldin, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Collaborative Fisheries Planning for Virginia's Offshore Wind Energy Area Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Mexican energy reform, climate change, and energy justice in indigenous communities Baker, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Reproductive success of Horned Lark and McCown's Longspur in relation to wind energy infrastructure Mahoney, A., Chalfoun, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Passerines, Birds
Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems Megavind Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Surface Texture Discrimination by Bats: Implications for Reducing Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines Bienz, C. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Attraction Bats
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