Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6409
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Procedural justice and the implementation of community wind energy projects: A case study from South Yorkshire, UK Simcock, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
DTBird System Pilot Installation in Sweden. Possibilities for Bird Monitoring Systems around Wind Farms. Experiences from Sweden's First DTBird Installation Litsgård, F., Eriksson, M., Wizelius, T. Report Wind Energy Birds
Evidence of Cnidarians sensitivity to sound after exposure to low frequency noise underwater sources Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Fortuno, J-M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
Sonar for environmental monitoring of marine renewable energy technologies Francisco, F. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Thanet Extension Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Impact Assessment Report to Inform Scoping Royal Haskoning Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Block Island Wind Farm GE Wind Energy Project Site Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Assessment of Displacement Impacts of Offshore Windfarms and Other Human Activities on Red-Throated Divers and Alcids McGovern, S., Goddard, B., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Spatial distribution and habitat preference of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Dutch North Sea Geert, A., Cremer, J., Kirkwood, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Bat activity during autumn relates to atmospheric conditions: implications for coastal wind energy development Smith, A., McWilliams, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats
Avoidance of Wind Farms by Harbour Seals is Limited to Pile Driving Activities Russell, D., Hastie, G., Thompson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Environmental and Consenting Barriers to Developing Floating Wind Farms Including Innovative Solutions Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Lack of Sound Science in Assessing Wind Farm Impacts on Seabirds Green, R., Langston, R., McCluskie, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Modelling flight heights of Lesser Black-backed Gulls and Great Skuas from GPS: a Bayesian approach Ross-Smith, V., Thaxter, C., Masden, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summer 2016 Taxonomic Analysis Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Willingness to accept local wind energy development: Does the compensation mechanism matter? Garcia, J., Cherry, T., Kallbekken, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Patterns of migrating soaring migrants indicate attraction to marine wind farms Skov, H., Desholm, M., Heinänen, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Effects of wind energy generation and white-nose syndrome on the viability of the Indiana bat Erickson, R., Thogmartin, W., Diffendorfer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats
Co-location of passive gear fisheries in offshore wind farms in the German EEZ of the North Sea: A first socio-economic scoping Stelzenmüller, V., Diekmann, R., Bastardie, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Kármán vortex and turbulent wake generation by wind park piles Grashorn, S., Stanev, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Sediment Transport, Physical Environment
Assessing Environmental Effects (WREN): Adaptive Management White Paper Hanna, L., Copping, A., Geerlofs, S. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Marine wind energy and the North Sea Offshore Grid Initiative: A Multi-Level Perspective on a stalled technology transition? Flynn, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Response of migrating raptors to an increasing number of wind farms Cabrera-Cruz, S., Villegas-Patraca, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Appendix L-1 WEST Summary of Risks to Birds and Bats Gordon, C., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Project Icebreaker Bird and Bat Risk Analysis Gordon, C., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Bats, Birds
Offshore wind energy ecological programme (Wozep) Monitoring and research programme 2017-2021 WOZEP project team Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Effects of Pile Driving on the Residency and Movement of Tagged Reef Fish Iafrate, J., Watwood, S., Reyier, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish
Out of Sight, out of Mind? Existing Offshore Wind Farms Are More Accepted Than Planned Ones Hübner, G., Pohl, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Navigation, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Winter Activity of Coastal Plain Populations of Bat Species Affected by White-Nose Syndrome and Wind Energy Facilities Grider, J., Larsen, A., Homyack, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Bats
Use of Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) and Motion Analysis for Studying the Impacts of Underwater Noise upon Free Ranging Fish and Implications for Marine Energy Management Roberts, L., Perez-Dominguez, R., Elliott, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Noise Fish
Energia Eólica e os Impactos Ambientais: Um Estudo de Revisão Azevedo, J. P., Nascimento, R. S, Schram, I. B. Journal Article Wind Energy
Like the Din in a University Canteen The Underwater Operating Noise and its Effects on Porpoises and Friend Benesch, M., Radecke, H. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Much Hubble-Bubble About Nothing? Research into the Little Bubble Curtain Method of Noise Reduction Rolfes, R., Rustemeier, J., Grießmann, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
The most Important Environmental Project in a German Offshore Wind Farm: Accompanying Ecological Research on the Offshore Test Field Project Alpha Ventus Beiersdorf, A., Boethling, M., Binder, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Ecological Impact Assessments Fail to Reduce Risk of Bat Casualties at Wind Farms Lintott, P., Richardson, S., Hosken, D. Magazine Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Bats
Behavioral responses of sub-adult Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) to electromagnetic and magnetic fields under laboratory conditions McIntyre, A., Janeski, T., Garman, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Demersal Fish
Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Lobsters and Crabs in the Rhode Island Massachusetts Wind Energy Area Collie, J., King, J. Report Wind Energy Invertebrates
Constraints on Development of Wind Energy in Poland due to Environmental Objectives. Is There Space in Poland for Wind Farm Siting? Hajto, M., Cichocki, Z., Bidlasik, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Participation in Environmental Decision-making: Reflecting on Planning and Community Benefits for Major Wind Farms Armeni, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Can local government play a greater role for community renewable energy? A case study from Australia Mey, F., Diesendorf, M., MacGill, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
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