Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Offshore Wind Farms and Marine Mammals: Impacts and Methodologies for Assessing Impacts Evans, P. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Impacts to Marine Fisheries Habitat from Nonfishing Activities in the Northeastern United States Johnson, M., Boelke, C., Chiarella, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Did the Pile Driving during the Construction of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands, Impact Porpoises? Leopold, M., Camphuysen, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Bird Fatality Study at Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: October 2005 to September 2007 University of California Santa Cruz Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Barrow Offshore Wind Farm Post-Construction Monitoring Report Barrow Offshore Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Wind Turbines - Low Level Noise Sources Interfering with Restoration? Pedersen, E., Waye, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative: 2008 Workshop Proceedings Energetics Incorporated Workshop Article Wind Energy Bats
Provision of Evidence of the Conservation Impacts of Energy Production Tucker, G., Bassi, S., Anderson, J. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy
Effects of Wind Farm Foundations on the Water Exchange between North Sea and Baltic Sea - A First Careful Assessment Derived from the QuantAS-Off Project Burchard, H., Hüttmann, F., Janssen, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
A Visual and Acoustic Study of Nocturnal Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Roaring Brook Wind Project, New York, Fall 2007 Mabee, T., Schwab, N. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on the Marine Environment Steen, H., Nilssen, K., Agnalt, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Green Light For Nocturnally Migrating Birds Poot, H., Ens, B., De Vries, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway: Status Report 1st January 2008 Bevanger, K., Follestad, A., Gjershaug, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Populationsdynamik von kommerziell genutzten Fischarten in (durch Offshore- Windkraftanlagen) veränderter Ökosystemstruktur Diembeck, D. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish
Energy Performances and Life Cycle Assessment of an Italian Wind Farm Ardente, F., Beccali, M., Cellura, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Avian information systems: Developing web-based bird avoidance models Shamoun-Baranes, J., Bouten, W., Buurma, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance Birds
Review of Cabling Techniques and Environmental Effects Applicable to the Offshore Wind Farm Industry UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills (BIS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part I: Birds Blew, J., Hoffmann, M., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Field Test Results of a Potential Acoustic Deterrent to Reduce Bat Mortality from Wind Turbines Szewczak, J., Arnett, E. Report Wind Energy Avoidance Bats
Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) Project Site Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Underwater Noise from Construction and Operation of Offshore Wind Farms Tougaard, J., Madsen, P., Wahlberg, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Dynamics of Scour Pits and Scour Protection - Synthesis Report and Recommendations Whitehouse, R., Harris, J., Rees, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Intersectoral Assessment of Impacts on Seabirds: Baseline Report for a Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan for the Norwegian Sea Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Bustnes, J., Follestad, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Behavioral Responses of Bats to Operating Wind Turbines Horn, J., Arnett, E., Kunz, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Post-construction Avian and Bat Fatality Monitoring and Grassland Bird Displacement Surveys at the Judith Gap Wind Energy Project, Wheatland County, Montana TRC Environmental Corporation Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Mussel and Seaweed Cultivation in Offshore Wind Farms: An Opinion Survey Michler-Cieluch, T., Kodeih, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Review of the Reef Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Structures and their Potential for Enhancement and Mitigation UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills (BIS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Sex-Based Mortality of Common Tern in Farm Collisions Stienen, E., Courtens, W., Everaert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Impacts of Wind Farms on Upland Habitats: The Environmental Cost of Scotland's Renewable Revolution The John Muir Trust Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The bird migration monitoring in the AES Geo Power Wind Park territory, Kaliakra region in autumn 2008 Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind-Farms OSPAR Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm: Seal Monitoring: Analysis of the 2006 post-construction aerial surveys and summary of the monitoring programme results from 2002-2006 Skeate, E., Perrow, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Marine Mammals
Puget Sound Energy Wild Horse Wind Facility Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring, First Annual Report: January - December 2007 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Poulton, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part II: Harbour porpoises Diederichs,A., Hennig, V., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals
Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America Arnett, E., Brown, W., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats: Looking into the Problem Edkins, M. Report Wind Energy Seabirds, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Case Study: European Offshore Wind Farms - A Survey for the Analysis of the Experiences and Lessons Learnt by Developers of Offshore Wind Farms Gerdes, G., Tiedemann, A., Zeelenberg, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Measurement and Interpretation of Underwater Noise During Construction and Operation of Offshore Windfarms in UK Waters Nedwell, J., Parvin, S., Edwards, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Behavioural Reactions of Cod (Gadus morhua) and Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) to Sound Resembling Offshore Wind Turbine Noise Mueller, C. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
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