Linking Turbine Collision Risks with Population Models to Assess Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Wind Farms on Threatened Birds

Assessments to determine potential effects of wind energy on threatened birds are usually undertaken singularly as part of approvals processes for individual wind farms. Typically, collision risk modelling (CRM) is used to estimate risk for threatened birds in terms of an average number of fatalities per annum at a wind farm. Of itself, such a number has no demographic meaning for conservation management of a threatened species, which must be aimed at long-term maintenance of entire population