Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
An Analysis of Offshore Wind Development: A Non-market, Stated Preference Approach to Measure Community Perceptions and Opinions and Estimate Willingness to Pay in Two Lake Michigan Regions Knapp, L., Li, Y., Ma, Y. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Application of GIS and Spatial Analysis of Golden Eagle Fatalities Caused by Wind Turbines at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Pinger, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2013 Rodrigues, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Assessing Vulnerability of Marine Bird Populations to Offshore Wind Farms Furness, R., Wade, H., Masden, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
How the Belgian Wind Farm Business Made us Discover the Challenging Environment of Marine Sand Dunes Bolle, A., Mathys, M., Haerens, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
London Array Siemens Project Site Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Effects of Pile-Driving on Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) at the First Offshore Wind Farm in Germany Dähne, M., Gilles, A., Lucke, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Estimation of bird fatalities at wind farms with complex topography and vegetation in Hokkaido, Japan Kitano, M., Shiraki, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Influence Of Wind Turbines On Mammalian Occupancy Patterns Tanis, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Terrestrial Mammals
Avian and Bat Post-construction Monitoring at the Pinnacle Wind Farm, Mineral County, West Virginia, 2012 Hein, C., Prichard, A., Mabee, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Effectiveness of an Operational Mitigation Experiment to Reduce Bat Fatalities at the Pinnacle Wind Farm, Mineral County, West Virginia, 2012 Hein, C., Prichard, A., Mabee, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
A study on the effect of different modeling parameters on the dynamic response of a jacket-type offshore wind turbine in the Korean Southwest Sea Shi, W. , Park, H., Han, J. Journal Article Wind Energy
The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Ecosystems: A Review Taking an Ecosystem Services Perspective Mangi, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Proceedings of the Oregon Marine Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Conference Boehlert, G., Braby, C., Bull, A. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Modelling Potential Changes in Marine Biogeochemistry due to Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms van der Molen, J., Rees, J., Limpenny, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Visual Observations for Birds, Turtles, and Marine Mammals at the University of Maine Test Site near Monhegan, Maine. Kennedy, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions
Marine Renewable Energy and Scottish West Coast Fishers: Exploring Impacts, Opportunities and Potential Mitigation Alexander, K., Potts, T., Wilding, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance: Module 1 Land-based Wind Energy US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Resumen Ejecutivo. Energía Eólica y Aceptación Social: Lecciones para Uruguay y Guía para la Acción Trobo, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Modelling the Biological Significance of Behavioural Change in Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins in Response to Disturbance New, L., Harwood, J., Thomas, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
A Group-Based Spatial Decision Support System for Wind Farm Site Selection in Northwest Ohio Gorsevski, P., Cathcart, S., Mirzaei, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Stakeholder Engagement, Human Dimensions
Epifauna Dynamics at an Offshore Foundation - Implications of Future Wind Power Farming in the North Sea Krone, R., Gutow, L., Joschko, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Bat Fatality at a Wind Energy Facility in the Western Cape, South Africa Aronson, J., Thomas, A., Jordaan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats
Introduction: Wind-Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effectiveness of Search Dogs Compared with Human Observers in Locating Bat Carcasses at Wind-Turbine Sites: A Blinded Randomized Trial Mathews, F., Swindells, M., Goodhead, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant, Central Norway, Lack Behavioral Flight Responses to Wind Turbines Dahl, E., May, R., Hoel, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Comparing bird and bat fatality-rate estimates among North American wind-energy projects Smallwood, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
ICES SGWTE Report 2013: Report of the Study Group on Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Habitat Utilization in White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the Displacement Impact of the Smøla Wind-Power Plant May, R., Nygård, T., Dahl, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Behavior and Turbine Avoidance Rates of Eagles at Two Wind Farms in Tasmania, Australia Hull, C., Muir, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
ICES WGMBRED Report 2013: Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Birds and Wind Projects Across the Pond: A UK Perspective Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Compensating White-Tailed Eagle Mortality at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant using Electrocution Prevention Measures Cole, S., Dahl, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
A Description of the Biosis Model to Assess Risk of Bird Collisions with Wind Turbines Smales, I., Muir, S., Meredith, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Habitat Engineering by Decadal-Scale Bioturbation around Shipwrecks on the Great Barrier Reef Mid-Shelf Stieglitz, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Measuring the Insecurity Index of species in networks of protected areas using species distribution modeling and fuzzy logic: The case of raptors in Andalusia Diaz-Gomez, D., Toxopeus, A., Groen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Strategic Health Impact Assessment on Wind Energy Development in Oregon Joshi, S., Hamberg, A., Cain, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Assessing the State of Knowledge of Utility-Scale Wind Energy Development and Operation on Non-Volant Terrestrial and Marine Wildlife Lovich, J., Ennen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Offshore Wind Energy: Understanding Impacts on Great Lakes Fishery and Other Aquatic Resources GLWC, GLC Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Modeling Carcass Removal Time for Avian Mortality Assessment in Wind Farms Using Survival Analysis Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
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