Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
The Case for Offshore Wind Farms, Artificial Reefs and Sustainable Tourism in the French Mediterranean Westerberg, V., Jacobsen, J., Lifran, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism
Integrating applied ecology and planning policy: the case of micro-turbines and wildlife conservation Park, K., Turner, A., Minderman, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Guidance Document on Environmental Impact Assessment: Danish Offshore Wind Farms NIRAS Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
2013 Conference on Wind Power and Environmental Impacts: Book of Abstracts Naturvårdsverket Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind
The role of Marine Renewable Energy structures and biofouling communities in promoting self-sustaining populations of Non-Native Species Macleod, A. Thesis Marine Energy, Wind Energy Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts 2013: Book of Abstracts Naturvårdsverket Conference Paper Wind Energy
Quantifying the Health and Environmental Benefits of Wind Power to Natural Gas McCubbin, D., Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Calculation of Wind Farm Production Losses via MERRA Data in Consequence of Bat Based Temporary Wind Turbine Shut Downs Raabe, J., Schorer, T., Junge, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Environmental Reporting in the Spanish Wind Energy Sector: An Institutional View Mosene, J., Burritt, R., Sanagustin, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Evaluation of the nearshore impact of a hybrid wave-wind energy farm Diaconu, S., Onea, F., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Danish Offshore Wind Key Environmental Issues - A Follow-up Danish Energy Agency, Danish Nature Agency, Dong Energy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Improving Methods for Estimating Fatality of Birds and Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Warren-Hicks, W., Newman, J., Wolpert, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Response to Huso and Erickson's Comments on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Smallwood, K., Bell, D., Karas, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Bat Evaluation Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm Benton County, Indiana Good, R., Sonnenberg, M., Simon, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to a Sustainability Assessment of Coastal Beach Exploitation: A Case Study of the Wind Power Projects on the Coastal Beaches of Yancheng, China Tian, W., Bai, J., Sun, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Pre-Construction Impact Assessment of Wind Development on Bats: Grande Prairie Wind Project, Holt County, Nebraska Midwest Wind Energy, LLC. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Avian Collision Threat Assessment at 'Bhambarwadi Wind Farm Plateau' in Northern Western Ghats, India Pande, S., Padhye, A., Deshpande, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Discrimination Between Parametric Survival Models for Removal Times of Bird Carcasses in Scavenger Removal Trials at Wind Turbines Sites Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Underwater Noise Generated from Marine Piling Robinson, S., Theobald, P., Lepper, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Analysis of Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 1) Walls, R., Canning, S., Lye, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Nations, C., Lout, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
Seabird Aggregative Patterns: A New Tool for Offshore Wind Energy Risk Assessment Christel, I., Certain, G., Cama, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
50 CFR Part 17: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for Gunnison Sage-Grouse; Proposed Rule Gelat, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Electromagnetic Simulation of the Near-Field Distribution around a Wind Farm Ling, H., Yang, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF
Survival of the Stillest: Predator Avoidance in Shark Embryos Kempster, R., Hart, N., Collin, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF Fish, Demersal Fish
Comprehensive Post-Evaluation Model on Wind Power Wu, Y., Chen, W., Li, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Argyll Array Windfarm Basking Shark Draft Chapter for Environmental Statement Booth, C., King, S., Lacey, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Marine Mammals
A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates Huso, M., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Environmental footprint analysis of on-shore and off-shore wind energy technologies Noori, M., Kucukvar, M., Tatari, O. Conference Paper Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
How a Wind Turbine Works European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) Video Wind Energy
Consequences of a Cumulative Perspective on Marine Environmental Impacts: Offshore Wind Farming and Seabirds at North Sea Scale in Context of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive Busch, M., Kannen, A., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
A Marine Spatial Planning Framework for the Optimal Siting of Marine Renewable Energy Installations: Two Danish Case Studies Azzellino, A., Kofoed, J., Lanfredi, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Harbour Porpoises in the Southern North Sea - Analysis of Potential Influences of Alpha Ventus in the Context of General Distribution Trends Gilles, A., Dähne, M., Peschko, V. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Using Species Distribution Modelling to Predict Bat Fatality Risk at Wind Farms Santos, H., Rodrigues, L., Jones, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Bats
Proceedings of the Wind-Wildlife Research Meeting IX PNWWRM IX Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
An Analytical Impact Assessment Framework for Wildlife to Inform the Siting and Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities Schwartz, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Spatiotemporal Structure of Wind Farm-atmospheric Boundary Layer Interactions Cervarich, M., Roy, S., Zhou, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities Hayes, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Interannual Home Range Variation, Territoriality and Overlap in Breeding Bonelli's Eagles (Aquila fasciata) Tracked by GPS Satellite Telemetry Perez-Garcia, J., Margalida, A., Afonso, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Position paper towards a North Sea Energy System Integration Triple-Helix structure Jepma, C., Klinge, I., Kalfsbeek, J. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
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