Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Machine learning applied to wind turbine blades impact detection Hu, C., Albertani, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Eagle Conservation Plan for the Goodnoe Hills Wind Facility Klickitat County, Washington Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind turbine noise limits propagation of greater prairiechicken boom chorus, but does it matter? Whalen, C., Brown, M., McGee, J., Powell, L., Walsh, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Better estimates of collision mortality to black-legged kittiwakes at offshore windfarms Black, J., Cook, A., Anderson, O. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Avian vulnerability to wind farm collision through the year: insights from Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) tracked from multiple breeding colonies Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W., Clark, N., Conway, G., Masden, E., Clewley, G., Barber, G., Burton, N. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Green Electricity Corridors in Europe: Integrated Vegetation Management (IVM): Status, roadblocks, and ways forward Ecofirst, Renewables Grid Initiative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
B-Finder System: 24 Month Test Report for T-Series Przybycin, P., Przybycin, M., Przybycin, J., Makowski, M. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Monitoring of the migration of birds through the territory of the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Аutumn 2019 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Spatial and temporal distribution of different age classes of seabirds in the North Sea Potiek, A., Vanermen, N., Middelveld, R., de Jong, J., Stienen, E., Fijn, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Project Environmental Monitoring Plan: Kincardine Offshore Windfarm Project Kincardine Offshore Wind Ltd Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Collision risk of Montagu's Harriers Circus pygargus with wind turbines derived from high‐resolution GPS tracking Schaub, T., Klaassen, R., Bouten, W., Schlaich, A., Koks, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Effects of wind turbine noise on the surrounding soundscape in the context of greater-prairie chicken courtship vocalizations Whalen, C., Brown, M., McGee, J., Powell, L., Walsh, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Monitoring of spring bird migration in the Integrated System for Protection of Birds 2019 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Breeding home range movements of pre-fledged brolga chicks, Antigone rubicunda (Gruidae) in Victoria, Australia – Implications for wind farm planning and conservation Cook, S., Palmer, G., Hill, R., McCarthy, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Validation of a bird radar system: A guidance document Beuker, D., Bravo Rebolledo, E., Gyimesi, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
A long‐term assessment of raptor displacement at a wind farm Dohm, R., Jennelle, C., Garvin, J., Drake, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds, Raptors
Monitoring radar performance data collection and data quality Leemans, J., Gyimesi, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
U.S. Geological Survey energy and wildlife research annual report for 2019 Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Terrestrial Mammals
Persistence and spatial distribution of Black Grouse in east Alpine wind farms: a contribution to the "wind power versus black grouse protection" debate in Austria Brunner, H., Friedel, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Auditory performance in bald eagles and red-tailed hawks: a comparative study of hearing in diurnal raptors McGee, J., Nelson, P., Ponder, J., Marr, J., Redig, P., Walsh, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors
Impactos Ambientales de la Energía Eólica (Environmental Impacts of the Wind Energy) Hernández-Galvez, G., Pampillón-González, L., Hernández-Almenares, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Visual Impacts
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Second Annual Report Fourth Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Developing a science-based approach to defining key species of birds and bats of concern for wind farm developments in Victoria Lumsden, L., Moloney, P., Smales, I. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds
Effect of wind turbines on bird abundance: A national scale analysis based on fixed effects models Miao, R., Ghosh, P., Khanna, M., Wang, W., Rong, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Investigation of existing post-construction mortality monitoring at Victorian wind farms to assess its utility in estimating mortality rates Moloney, P., Lumsden, L., Smales, I. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Offshore wind farms and their effects on birds Fox, A., Petersen, I-K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Impacts to Wildlife of Wind Energy Siting and Operation in the United States Allison, T., Diffendorfer, J., Baerwald, E., Beston, J., Drake, D., Hale, A., Hein, C., Huso, M., Loss, S., Lovich, J., Strickland, M., Williams, K., Winder, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Evaluation of bird detection efficiency of ProBird: tracking missed detection and false positives Lagrange, H., Rico, P. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Seabirds
Predictable shorebird departure patterns from a staging site can inform collision risks and mitigation of wind energy developments Howell, J., McKellar, A., Espie, R., Morrissey, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Shorebirds
Draft Environmental Assessment Wild Horse Wind Project Eagle Permit US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The impact of wind energy facilities on grouse: a systematic review Coppes, J., Braunisch, V., Bollmann, K., Storch, I., Mollet, P., Grunschachner-Berger, V., Taubmann, J., Suchant, R., Nopp-Mayr, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Monitoring of spring bird migration in the Integrated System for Protection of Birds Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Wind turbines in high quality habitat cause disproportionate increases in collision mortality of the white-tailed eagle Heuck, C., Herrmann, C., Levers, C., Leitão, P., Krone, O., Brandl, R., Albrecht, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Development of the information system for forecasting collision between birds and wind farms Osadchyi, V., Siokhin, V., Gorlov, P., Osadcha, K., Yeremieiev, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 4. Offshore: Monitoring and Mitigation Perrow, M. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
The Effects of Management Practices an Grassland Birds—An Introduction to North American Grasslands and the Practices Used to Manage Grasslands and Grassland Birds Shaffer, J., DeLong, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Estimating offsets for avian displacement effects of anthropogenic impacts Shaffer, J., Loesch, C., Buhl, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance Birds
A Methodology to Assess the National and Regional Impacts of U.S. Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats Diffendorfer, J., Beston, J., Merrill, M., Stanton, J., Corum, M., Loss, S., Thogmartin, W., Johnson, D., Erickson, R., Heist, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Assessing the Cumulative Adverse Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Seabird Foraging Guilds Along the East Coast of the United States Goodale, M., Milman, A., Griffin, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Document cadre de la MR10 Soutien à la mise en œuvre d’actions de préservation des îlots utilisés comme site de nidification, en particulier pour le Goéland marin Le Guen, M., Leicher, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
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