Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Factors affecting carcass detection at wind farms using dogs and human searchers del Valle, J., Peralta, F., Arjona, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Parc éolien en mer de Saint-Nazaire – Suivi de l’avifaune et de la mégafaune marine Biotope Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Limited accessibility and bias in wildlife-wind energy knowledge: A bilingual systematic review of a globally distributed bird group Fernandez-Bellon, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Stakeholder Workshop: Scientific Research Framework to Understand the Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats in the Eastern United States New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Satellite telemetry and digital aerial surveys show strong displacement of red-throated divers (Gavia stellata) from offshore wind farms Heinänen, S., Zydelis, R., Kleinschmidt, B., Dorsch,M., Burger, C., Morkunas, J., Quillfeldt, P., Nehls, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects HT Harvey and Associates Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States Choi, D., Wittig, T., Kluever, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Effect of wind farms on wintering ducks at an important wintering ground in China along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway Zhao, S., Xu, H., Song, N., Wang, Z., Li, B., Wang, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations Horwath, S., Hassrick, J., Grismala, R., Diller, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Reptiles
Resource selection of apex raptors: implications for siting energy development in sagebrush and prairie ecosystems Squires, J., Olson, L., Wallace, Z., Oakleaf, R., Kennedy, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Fifth Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Testing and Evaluation of "SafeWind" A Bird Protection System Soni, B., Loske, K., Lackmann, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
How to strive for balance of coastal wind energy development with waterbird conservation in the important coastal wetlands, a case study in the Chongming Islands of East China Li, B., Yuan, X., Chen, M., Bo, S., Xia, L., Guo, Y., Zhao, S., Ma, Z., Wang, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Final Report on the Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Birds in the Region of Kaliakra, Bulgaria (Activity 3) Schindler, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Identifying areas of wetland and wind turbine overlap in the south-central Great Plains of North America Heintzman, L., Auerbach, E., Kilborn, D., Starr, S., Mulligan, K., Barbato, L., McIntyre, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Attributing seabirds at sea to appropriate breeding colonies and populations Butler, A., Carroll, M., Searle, K., Bolton, M., Waggitt, J., Evans, P., Rehfisch, M., Goddard, B., Brewer, M., Burthe, S., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Improving estimates of seabird body mass survival relationships Daunt, F., Fang, Z., Howells, R., Harris, M., Wanless, S., Searle, K., Elston, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Scoping Study: Regional Population Viability Analysis for Key Bird Species CR/2016/16 Searle, K., Butler, A., Bogdanova, M., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities May, R., Nygård, T., Falkdalen, U., Åström, J., Hamre, Ø., Stokke, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Telemetry reveals strong effects of offshore wind farms on behaviour and habitat use of common guillemots (Uria aalge) during the breeding season Peschko, V., Mercker, M., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
On a collision course? The large diversity of birds killed by wind turbines in South Africa Perold, V., Ralston-Paton, S., Ryan, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Sex- but not age-biased wind turbine collision mortality in the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Heuck, C., Herrmann, C., Wendt, J., Krone, O., Brandl, R., Albrecht, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Unpacking the eagle collision risk model: practical guidance for wind energy Evans, M., Sporer, M., Erickson, W., Pagel, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
SAINT-NAZAIRE Bilan environnemental annuel 2020 Parc eolien en mer de St Nazaire Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Wind Turbine Interactions with Wildlife and Their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions (2020 Update) American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Monitoring of spring bird migration in the Integrated System for Protection of Birds 2020 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Using stated preference valuation in the offshore environment to support marine planning Börger, T., Hooper, T., Austen, M., Marcone, O., Rendon, O. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
A comparative insight of Irish and Scottish regulatory frameworks for offshore wind energy – An expert perspective O'Hanlon, Z., Cummins, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Dogs detect larger wind energy effects on bats and birds Smallwood, K., Bell, D., Standish, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Changes in bird species composition after a wind farm installation: A case study in South America Justo Falavigna, T., Pereira, D., Lara Rippel, M., Virginia Petry, M Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions
Greater Sage‐Grouse Response to the Physical Footprint of Energy Development Kirol, C., Smith, K., Graf, N., Dinkins, J., LeBeau, C., Maechtle, T., Sutphin, A., Beck, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Mortality limits used in wind energy impact assessment underestimate impacts of wind farms on bird populations Schippers, P., Buij, R., Schotman, A., Verboom, J., van der Jeugd, H., Jongejans, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Black Harriers and Wind Energy: Guidelines for impact assessment, monitoring and mitigation Simmons, R., Ralston-Paton, S., Colyn, R., Garcia-Heras, M. Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Impact of wind energy development on birds and bats: the case of Adama wind farm, Central Ethiopia Tesfahunegny, W., Datiko, D., Wale, M., Hailay, G., Hunduma, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Wind, sun, and wildlife: do wind and solar energy development "short-circuit" conservation in the western United States? Agha, M., Lovich, J., Ennen, J., Todd, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Wing-Beat Frequency and Its Acoustics in Birds and Bats Boonman, A., Yovel, Y., Eitan, O. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
High-Resolution Modeling of Uplift Landscapes can Inform Micrositing of Wind Turbines for Soaring Raptors Hanssen, F., May, R., Nygård, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Quantifying the differences in avian attack rates on reptiles between an infrastructure and a control site Law, C., Lancaster, L., Hall, J., Handy, S., Hinchliffe, M., O’Brien, C., O’Brien, K., Watts, S., O’Brien, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Reptiles
Integrating Wind Turbines and Fish Farms: An Evaluation of Potential Risks to Marine and Coastal Bird Species Benjamins, S., Masden, E., Collu, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Assessing the spatial distribution of avian collision risks at wind turbine structures in Brandenburg, Germany Bose, A., Durr, T., Klenke, R., Henle, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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