Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
GoMAMN Strategic Bird Monitoring Guidelines: Waterfowl DeMaso, S., Brasher, M., Gleason, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation Moorman, C., Grodsky, S., Rupp, S. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects – 3.0: Description and assessment of cumulative effects resulting from the implementation of the 2030 Roadmap for Offshore Wind Energy Part C: Summary Rijkswaterstaat Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Retrospective and Outlook for an Environmentally Sound Development of Offshore Wind Energy Lüdeke, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Marking a Decade of Monitoring, Research and Innovation Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Utility-scale wind energy development challenges in Pennsylvania, 2018 Rohrs, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Testing efficacy of bird deterrents at wind turbine facilities: a pilot study in Nova Scotia, Canada Dorey, K., Dicky, S., Walker, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects 3.0 for the roll-out of offshore wind energy 2030 Sub-report A: Methods Rijkswaterstaat Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection Chabot, E., Slater, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Common Guillemots and offshore wind farms: an ecological discussion of statistical analyses conducted by Alain Zuur Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Developing an efficient protocol for monitoring eagle fatalities at wind energy facilities Hallingstad, E., Rabie, P., Telander, A., Roppe, J., Nagy, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Kelsey, E., Felis, J., Czapanskiy, M., Pereksta, D., Adams, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Wind farms have cascading impacts on ecosystems across trophic levels Thaker, M., Zambre, A., Bhosale, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Predicting bird collisions with wind turbines: Comparison of the new empirical Flux Collision Model with the SOSS Band model Kleyheeg-Hartman, J., Krijgsveld, K., Collier, M., Poot, M., Boon, A., Troost, A., Dirksen, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms: loss of habitat for seabirds van der Wal, J., van Puijenbroek, M., Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Seabirds
GenEst Statistical Models — A Generalized Estimator of Mortality Dalthorp, D., Madsen, L., Huso, M., Rabie, P., Wolpert, R., Studyvin, J., Simonis, J., Mintz, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Assessment of Potential Risks from Renewable Energy Development and Other Anthropogenic Factors to Wintering Golden Eagles in the Western United States Craig, E. , Fuller, Mark., Craig, T., Huettmann, F. Book Chapter Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Interim Guidance on apportioning impacts from marine renewable developments to breeding seabird populations in SPAs Scottish Natural Heritage Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Behavioral accommodation of nesting hawks to wind turbines Watson, J., Keren, I., Davies, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
Monitoring of the migration of birds through the territory of the Integrated System for Protection of Birds Аutumn 2018 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Nocturnal flight activity of northern gannets Morus bassanus and implications for modelling collision risk at offshore wind farms Furness, R., Garthe, S., Trinder, M., Matthiopoulos, J., Wanless, S., Jeglinski, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
State of the World's Raptors: Distributions, Threats, and Conservation Recommendations McClure, C., Westrip, J., Johnson, J., Schulwitz, S., Virani, M., Davies, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Thorstrom, R., Amar, A., Buij, R., Jones, V., Williams, N., Buechley, E., Butchart, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Use of an optical rangefinder to assess the reliability of seabird flight heights from boat‐based surveyors: implications for collision risk at offshore wind farms Harwood, A., Perrow, M., Berridge, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
The auditory attributes of Golden Eagles: Do Golden (Aquila chrysaetos) and Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) share the same auditory space? Walsh, E., Nelson, P., Ponder, J., Milliren, C., Feist, C., Marr, J., Redig, P., McGee, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Complex behaviour in complex terrain - Modelling bird migration in a high resolution wind field across mountainous terrain to simulate observed patterns Aurbach, A., Schmid, B., Liechti, F., Chokani, N., Abhari, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Passerines
Midterm Evaluation WOZEP 2018 Mulder, S., van Mastrigt, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
U.S. Geological Survey energy and wildlife research annual report for 2018 Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy Terrestrial Mammals, Fish, Birds, Bats
Assessing bird avoidance of high-contrast lights using a choice test approach: implications for reducing human-induced avian mortality Goller, B., Blackwell, B., DeVault, T., Baumhardt, P., Fernández-Juricic, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Lighting Birds
The consequences of seabird habitat loss from offshore wind turbines: a research plan for five selected species van Kooten, T., Soudijn, F., Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Pilot field study: observations from a fixed platform on occurrence and behaviour of common guillemots and other seabirds in offshore wind farm Luchterduinen Leopold, M., Verdaat, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Evaluating a Commercial-Ready Technology for Raptor Detection and Deterrence at a Wind Energy Facility in California Terrill, S., Howell, J., Smith, J., Zirpoli, J., Wolf, K., Lindke, K., Watt, S. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Quantifying avian avoidance of offshore wind turbines: Current evidence and key knowledge gaps Cook, A., Humphreys, E., Bennet, F., Masden, E., Burton, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Potential Interaction Analysis of Offshore Wind Energy Areas and Breeding Avian Species on the US Mid-Atlantic Coast Wisman, J., Maxwell, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Evaluating habitat, prey, and mesopredator associations in a community of marine birds Goyert, H., Gardner, B., Veit, R., Gilbert, A., Connelly, E., Duron, M., Johnson, S., Williams, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Cumulative Adverse Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Wildlife [Thesis] Goodale, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Assessing space use by pre-breeding white-tailed eagles in the context of wind-energy development in Finland Balotari-Chiebao, F., Brommer, J., Saurola, P., Ijas, A., Laaksonen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Movement patterns of white‐tailed sea eagles near wind turbines Krone, O., Treu, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Modeling golden eagle‐vehicle collisions to design mitigation strategies Lonsdorf, E., Sanders-Reed, C., Boal, C., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Golden Eagle Conservation Plan for the Ocotillo Wind Energy Facility Ocotillo Express Guidance Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Automated monitoring for birds in flight: Proof of concept with eagles at a wind power facility McClure, C., Marinson, L., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
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