Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects – 3.0: Description and assessment of cumulative effects resulting from the implementation of the 2030 Roadmap for Offshore Wind Energy Part C: Summary Rijkswaterstaat Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Visual Impact Assessment for Offshore Wind Farms Along the Cantabrian Coast Lopez-Uriarte, J., Lizcano, P., Manchado, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
Site selection process for floating offshore wind farms in Madeira Islands Díaz, H., Fonseca, R., Soares, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Moray Firth River Deveron Missing Salmon Project The Deveron, Bogie and Isla Rivers Charitable Trust, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Land-Use Conflicts in the Sudetes, Poland Furmankiewicz, M., Potocki, J., Kazak, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Population-Level Effects of Wind Farms on a Desert Lizard Keehn, J., Shoemaker, K., Feldman, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Reptiles
Moray Firth River Spey Missing Salmon Project Spey Fishery Board, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
An Efficient Model for Offshore Pile Driving Noise Taking Into Account the Hammer Characteristics Klages, E., Von Pein, J., Lippert, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Public Acceptance of Offshore Wind Farms in the Netherlands: Testing and Adjusting the Public Acceptance Models for a Better Wind of Change Dion, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Renewable energy projections for climate change mitigation: An analysis of uncertainty and errors Indra al Irsyad, M., Halog, A., Nepal, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Human Dimensions
Summary of Activities and the Results of Ornithological Monitoring in the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, 2018 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Retrospective and Outlook for an Environmentally Sound Development of Offshore Wind Energy Lüdeke, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Moray Firth River Oykel Missing Salmon Project Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Wozep WP2: update of the Aquarius models for marine pile driving sound predictions de Jong, C., Binnerts, B., Prior, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects 3.0 for the roll-out of offshore wind energy 2030 Sub-report A: Methods Rijkswaterstaat Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
North East Scotland Salmon and Sea Trout Tracking Array: Interim Report River Dee Trust, Marine Scotland Science Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish
Wind energy: renewable energy and the environment Nelson, V., Starcher, K. Book Wind Energy
Wind power: A sustainable way to limit climate change Nikitas, G., Bhattacharya, S., Vimalan, N. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Floating Offshore Wind Energy in California Bang, J., Ma, C., Tarantino, E. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Marking a Decade of Monitoring, Research and Innovation Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Nonmarket Valuation of Marine Resources in the Northeast: Implications for Recreational Fisheries Management and Offshore Wind Energy Development Carr-Harris, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
Effects of wind farms on near-surface wind speed Xin, Z., Ruiping, Y., Xu, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow
GoMAMN Strategic Bird Monitoring Guidelines: Waterfowl DeMaso, S., Brasher, M., Gleason, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Guía para la Elaboración de Estudios de Impacto Ambiental de Proyectos de Energías Renovables Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Moray Firth River Findhorn Missing Salmon Project Findhorn, Nairn, and Lossie Fisheries Trust, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Uncertainty analysis of soil-pile interactions of monopile offshore wind turbine support structures Yeter, B., Garbatov, Y., Soares, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Life cycle cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy under the climatic conditions in Southeast Asia - Setting the bottom-line for deployment Nian, V., Liu, Y., Zhong, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Noise affects porpoise click detections – the magnitude of the effect depends on logger type and detection filter settings Clausen, K., Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals
Resolving Conflicts Between Endangered Species Conservation and Renewable Energy Siting: Wiggle Room for Renewables? Badichek, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Numerical Analysis of Offshore Wind Farm Wakes and their Impact on the Marine Boundary Layer Siedersleben, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
The role of maritime spatial planning on the advance of blue energy in the European Union García, P., Sanabria, J., Ruiz, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Community Benefits and UK Offshore Wind Farms: evolving convergence in a divergent practice Glasson, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Decomposing public support for energy policy: What drives acceptance of and intentions to protest against renewable energy expansion in Germany? Liebe, U., Dobers, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Moray Firth River Conon Missing Salmon Project Cromarty Firth Fishery Board, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Renewable Energy: Wind Turbines, Solar Cells, Small Hydroelectric Plants, Biomass, and Geothermal Sources of Energy Kablar, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Fish
The politics of evidence: Conflicting social commitments and environmental priorities in the debate over wind energy and public health Taylor, J., Klenk, N. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Moray Firth River Shin Missing Salmon Project Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Measuring sensitivity of two OSPAR indicators for a coastal food web model under offshore wind farm construction Raoux, A., Lassalle, G., Pezy, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects - 2018 Cumulative effects of offshore wind farm construction on harbour porpoises Heinis, F., de Jong, C., von Benda-Beckmann, S. Report Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Testing efficacy of bird deterrents at wind turbine facilities: a pilot study in Nova Scotia, Canada Dorey, K., Dicky, S., Walker, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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