Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Sampling hard substrates in Dutch offshore: Work plan towards an offshore wind farm hard substrate sampling & monitoring programme in the Netherlands Coolen, J., Wijnhoven, S., Bergsma, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Study on the operation of small rooftop wind turbines and its effect on the wind environment in blocks Zhang, S., Du, B., Ge, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow
Application of underwater passive acoustic measurements of ocean sound in precipitation estimation Anagnostou, M., Anagnostou, E., Nystuen, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
The Interplay Between EU Law and Regional Sea Conventions: Shaping Environmental Protection in Relation to Offshore Energy Production Across Europe? Giannopoulos, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A model for estimating life cycle environmental impacts of offshore wind electricity considering specific characteristics of wind farms Kouloumpis, V., Azapagic, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Real-Time Bird Detection and Collision Risk Control in Wind Farms Georgiev, M., Zehtindjiev, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind energy and its link to sustainability in developing countries Kabir, M., Sree, N., Khatod, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Annual Report 2021 The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Current challenges and prospects of wind energy in Belarus Novikau, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Preliminary Data Aggregation and Analysis of the Effects on Fish, Marine Mammals, and other Marine Organisms, and the Habitats that Support them, from a Proposed Offshore Wind Farm off the Coast of Grays Harbor, Washington Severy, M., Overhus, D., Tugade, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Environmental Studies Program: Studies Development Plan 2022-2023 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
On the radar: Weather, bird migration and aeroconservation over the North Sea Bradaric, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
An Assessment of the Cumulative Impacts of Floating Offshore Wind Farms Integral Consulting Inc Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Songbird Behavior and Conservation in the Anthropocene Proppe, D. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Acoustic and Genetic Data Can Reduce Uncertainty Regarding Populations of Migratory Tree-Roosting Bats Impacted by Wind Energy Hale, A., Hein, C., Straw, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Exploring the interaction between social norms and perceived justice of wind energy projects: a qualitative analysis Karakislak, I., Hildrebrand, J., Schweizer-Riesa, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Perception of Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms in Agricultural Areas of Northeast Brazil Sobrinho Junior, M., Hernandez, M., Amora, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory Public Institution Coastal Research and Planning Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Influencing Activity of Bats by Dimly Lighting Wind Turbine Surfaces with Ultraviolet Light Cryan, P., Gorresen, P., Straw, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Bilan annuel 2021 des études environnementales sur le parc éolien en mer de Saint-Nazaire Parc eolien en mer de St Nazaire Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Commercial and Research Wind Lease and Grant Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf of the New York Bight Final Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind COP Appendix II-H: Benthic Monitoring Plan Morandi, A., Berkman, S., Zottoli, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Individual-based model lesser black-backed gulls in the Netherlands van Bemmelen, R., Soudijn, F., Benden, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
A Miniature Radio-Frequency Transmitter for Environmental Permitting and Mitigation of Wind Energy Deng, D., Lu, J., Duberstein, C. Presentation Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind COP Appendix II-K: Fisheries Monitoring Plan Zottoli, J., Berkman, S., Davies, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Birds not in flight: using camera traps to observe ground use of birds at a wind-energy facility Puffer, S., Tennant, L., Lovich, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Acoustic Exposure to Turbine Operation Quantifies Risk to Bats at Commercial Wind Energy Facilities Peterson, T., Mcgill, B., Hein, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Bird Displacement by Wind Turbines: Assessing Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies Marques, A., Batalha, H., Bernardino, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement Birds
Variable effects of wind-energy development on seasonal habitat selection of pronghorn Milligan, M., Johnston, A., Beck, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement Terrestrial Mammals
Comments on BOEM 2023-2024 Studies Development Plan Pacific Fishery Management Council Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Timing and Weather Offer Alternative Mitigation Strategies for Lowering Bat Mortality at Wind Energy Facilities in Ontario Squires, K., Thurber, B., Zimmerling, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
High vulnerability of juvenile Nathusius' pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus nathusii) at wind turbines Kruszynski, C., Bailey, L., Bach, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
The Use of Intrinsic Markers for Studying the Migratory Movements of Bats Brewer, C., Rauch-Davis, W., Fraser, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
The Irish Sea bed load parting zone: Is it a mid-sea hydrodynamic phenomenon or a geological theoretical concept? Creane, S., O'Shea, M., Coughlan, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
The Relation between Migratory Activity of Pipistrellus Bats at Sea and Weather Conditions Offers Possibilities to Reduce Offshore Wind Farm Effects Brabant, R., Laurent, Y., Poerink, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats
Risk evaluation of onshore wind farms in relation to wild duck (Anatidae) movements in the Yangtze River Mouth, China Zhao, S., Xu, H., Zhong, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Offshore Occurrence of a Migratory Bat, Pipistrellus nathusii, Depends on Seasonality and Weather Conditions Lagerveld, S., Poerink, B., Geelhoed, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore North Carolina Draft Supplemental Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
An echosounder view on the potential effects of impulsive noise pollution on pelagic fish around windfarms in the North Sea Kok, A., Bruil, L., Berges, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish
Response of Ferruginous Hawks to temporary habitat alterations for energy development in southwestern Alberta Parayko, N., Ng, J., Marley, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
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