Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6396
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Red rock crab (Cancer productus) movement is not influenced by electromagnetic fields produced by a submarine power transmission cable Williams, J., Jaco, E., Scholz, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF Invertebrates
Energy Conversion Factors in Underwater Radiated Sound from Marine Piling: Review of the method and recommendations Wood, M., Ainslie, M., Burns, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Report on the ICES Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME) 2023 Ahola, M., Alves, F., Authier, M. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Short-term habituation of the longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) to pile driving sound Jézéquel, Y., Jandial, P., Cones, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Further development of marine mammal dynamic energy budgets models for application to environmental assessments and integration into the iPCoD framework Harwood, J., Chudzinska, M., Booth, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Quick scan of effects from large upscaling of offshore wind (part B) Odinga, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals
Morphological Modelling to Investigate the Role of External Sediment Sources and Wind and Wave-Induced Flow on Sand Bank Sustainability: An Arklow Bank Case Study Creane, S., O'Shea, M., Coughlan, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Spatiotemporal Variations of Ocean Upwelling and Downwelling Induced by Wind Wakes of Offshore Wind Farms Liu, K., Du, J., Larsén, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Vibration Mechanism and Noise Characterization of Offshore Wind Turbines Yang, C., Li, R., Lu, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Avoidance of offshore wind farms by Sandwich Terns in the North Sea increases with turbine density van Bemmelen, R., Leemans, J., Collier, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
BatTool: projecting bat populations facing multiple stressors using a demographic model Wiens, A., Schorg, A., Szymanski, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Bats
Strategic study of collision risk for birds on migration and further development of the stochastic collision risk modelling tool Woodward, I., Franks, S., Bowgen, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Seabird tagging feasibility for the Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy Cook, A., Pollock, C., Bogdanova, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Understanding seabird behaviour at sea part 2: improved estimates of collision risk model parameters Cook, A., Thaxter, C., Davies, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Impacts of offshore wind power development on China's marine economy and environment: A study from 2006 to 2019 Liu, G., Kong, Z., Sun, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Potential Hydrodynamic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Nantucket Shoals Regional Ecology: An Evaluation from Wind to Whales National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Assessing the Relationship between Sea Turtle Strandings and Anthropogenic Impacts in Taiwan Chou, W., Wu, P., Li, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Is it safe for honey bee colonies to locate apiaries near wind turbines? Fourrier, J., Fontaine, O., Peter, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Invertebrates
Acoustic ecology of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) between two U.S. offshore wind energy areas Holdman, A., Tregenza, N., Van Parijs, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Multispecies blue justice and energy transition conflict: examining challenges and possibilities for synergy between low-carbon energy and justice for humans and nonhuman nature Tafon, R., Saunders, F., Pikner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Leveraging data from a private recreational fishing application to begin to understand potential impacts from offshore wind development DePiper, G., Corvi, D., Steinback, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Sustainability of corrosion protection for offshore wind turbine towers Juhl, M., Hauschild, M., Dam-Johansen, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
A wind of change in Norway: Explaining shifts in municipal stances on wind power by policy feedback and energy justice Eikeland, P., Taranger, K., Inderberg, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Reducing uncertainty in underwater noise assessments for offshore wind (ReCon) Carbon Trust Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Does renewable electricity promote Indigenous sovereignty? Reviewing support, barriers, and recommendations for solar and wind energy development on Native lands in the United States Grosse, C., Mark, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Fixed-station and glider-based passive acoustic monitoring reveals spatiotemporal spawning dynamics of Atlantic cod and their potential interaction with offshore wind energy Van Hoeck, R., Rowell, T., Dean, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
Do Wind Turbines Have Adverse Health Impacts? Krekel, C., Rode, J., Roth, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
United States offshore wind energy atlas: availability, potential, and economic insights based on wind speeds at different altitudes and thresholds and policy-informed exclusions von Krauland, A-K., Long, Q., Enevoldsen, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Environmental life cycle assessment of a novel offshore wind energy design project: A United States based case study Moussavi, S., Barutha, P., Dvorak, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Energy efficiency and environmental impacts of horizontal small wind turbines in Austria Zajicek, L., Drapalik, M., Kral, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Oceanographic Effects of Offshore Wind Structures and Their Potential Impacts on the North Atlantic Right Whale and Their Prey Brodie, J., Manhard, R., Krebs, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
A management-focused population viability analysis for North Atlantic right whales Runge, M., Linden, D., Hostetler, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Energy Equity Opportunities in Distributed Wind Hybrid Systems for Rural Loads Parker, K., Fensch, A., Kazimierczuk, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Dogger Bank Wind Farm General Electric Company Project Site Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON PREREQUISITES AND SPECIFICS OF FLOATING WIND FARMS DEPLOYMENT IN THE BULGARIAN OPEN SHELF Nikolov, G., Truhkchev, D., Kishev, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Numerical simulation of flow-induced noise generation and propagation of a floating offshore wind turbine with prescribed pitch motion Zha, R., Wang, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Digital Survey: First Annual Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Building Coastal Resilience in Europe Villasante, S., Richter, K., Bailey, J. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Establishing baselines for predicting change in ambient sound metrics, marine mammal, and vessel occurrence within a US offshore wind energy area Van Parijs, S., DeAngelis, A., Aldrich, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Maryland Offshore Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
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