Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6388
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Forest landscape shield models for assessing audio-visual disturbances of wind turbines Selkmaki, M., Riippi, J., Rana, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Observations of harbour porpoises in offshore wind farms Final report Leemans, J., Fijn, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Evaluation of offshore wind energy diffusion in long-term scenarios in the Colombian Caribbean Valencia, M., Arango-Aramburo, S., Osorio, A. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Does size matter? Investigation of the effect of wind turbine size on bird and bat mortality Garvin, J., Simonis, J., Taylor, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A synthesis of socioeconomic and sociocultural indicators for assessing the impacts of offshore renewable energy on fishery participants and fishing communities Willis-Norton, E., Mangin, T., Schroeder, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Geographic source of bats killed at wind-energy facilities in the eastern United States Wieringa, J., Nagel, J., Campbell, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on common guillemots (Uria aalge) in the southern North Sea - climate versus biodiversity? Peschko, V., Schwemmer, H., Mercker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Life cycle carbon footprint accounting of an offshore wind farm in Southeast China—Simplified models and carbon benchmarks for typhoons Sun, Z., You, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment, Stakeholder Engagement
Assessing areas suitable for offshore wind energy considering potential risk to breeding seabirds in northern Japan Obane, H., Kazama, K., Hashimoto, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Hawaiian Hoary Bat Guidance for Wind Energy Project Habitat Conservation Plans Endangered Species Recovery Committee, State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Supporting National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Offshore Wind Energy Development Related to Electromagnetic Frequencies from Buried Transmission Cables Middleton, P., Barnhart, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions
Environmental impacts of carbon fiber production and decarbonization performance in wind turbine blades Zhang, S., Gan, J., Lv, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Developing expert scientific consensus on the environmental and societal effects of marine artificial structures prior to decommissioning Knights, A., Lemasson, A., Firth, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Predicting the spatial distribution of wintering golden eagles to inform full annual cycle conservation in western North America Wallace, Z., Bedrosian, B., Dunk, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Underwater noise from vibratory pile driving with non-linear frictional pile–soil interaction Molenkamp, T., Tsetas, A., Tsouvalas, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Floating Offshore Wind and Colocation and Coexistence Risks and Opportunities Whaley, C., Greig, C., Eatough, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
American lobster Homarus americanus responses to construction and operation of an offshore wind farm in southern New England Wilber, D., Brown, L., Griffin, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Bilan annuel 2023 des études environnementales sur le parc éolien en mer de Saint-Nazaire Parc eolien en mer de St Nazaire Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
BOEM and NOAA North Atlantic Right Whale and Offshore Wind Strategy BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs, US Department of Commerce (DOC), NOAA Fisheries Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Settlement success of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) on different types of hard substrate to support reef development in offshore wind farms ter Hofstede, R., Witte, S., Kamermans, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Localized Eco-Climatic Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms: A Review Ze, J., Xiuchun, Y., Ang, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind on the Marine Ecosystem and Associated Species: Background and Issues for Congress Keating-Bitoni, C., Marshak, A., Comay, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Behavioural responses of Sandwich terns following the construction of offshore wind farms Thaxter, C., Green, R., Collier, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
To what extent can decommissioning options for marine artificial structures move us toward environmental targets? Knights, A., Lemasson, A., Firth, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Carbon footprint and energy life cycle assessment of wind energy industry in Libya Nassar, Y., El-Khozondar, H., El-Osta, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Diadromous Fish in the Context of Offshore Wind – Review of Current Knowledge & Future Research Honkanen, H., Moore, I., Roger, J. Report Wind Energy Fish
Passive acoustic monitoring for assessing marine mammals population in European waters: Workshop conclusions and perspectives Michel, M., Guichard, B., Béesau, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
A multisensory approach to understanding bat responses to wind energy developments Jonasson, K., Adams, A., Brokaw, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Can floating offshore wind farms pose a risk of entanglement and injury to marine megafauna? Henry, S., Heerah, K., Jung, J-L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement
Mapping the planet’s critical areas for biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people Neugarten, R., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Sharp, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
An Eulerian perspective on habitat models of striped bass occurrence in an offshore wind development area Rothermel, E., O'Brien, M., Best, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Fish, Pelagic Fish
Using fisheries-dependent data to investigate landings of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) within an offshore wind farm Thatcher, H., Stamp, T., Moore, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
The geographic extent of bird populations affected by renewable-energy development Vander Zanden, H., Nelson, D., Conkling, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision
Experimental trials of species-specific bat flight responses to an ultrasonic deterrent Fritts, S., Guest, E., Weaver, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Floating Offshore Wind: Overcoming Seafloor Challenges Rebuck, N., Doolittle, D., Jones, C. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Monetized (socio-)environmental handprint and footprint of an offshore windfarm in the Belgian Continental Shelf: An assessment of local, regional and global impacts De Luca Pena, L., Taelman, S. E., Bas, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Die Auswirkungen von Windenergieanlagen an Waldstandorten auf Fledermäuse Voigt, C., Scholz, C., Ellerbrok, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Survey of Utility-Scale Wind and Solar Developers Report Nilson, R., Hoen, B., Rand, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Long-term impacts of the Smøla wind farm on a local population of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) Stokke, B., Dahl, E., Kleven, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
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