Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Influence of Wind Turbines on Presence of Willet, Marbled Godwit, Wilson's Phalarope and Black Tern on Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and South Dakota Niemuth, N., Walker, J., Gleason, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
The Ecology of Benthopelagic Fish at Offshore Wind Farms - Towards an Integrated Management Approach Reubens, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish
Acoustic Deterrent Workshop National Wind Technology Center, Louisville, CO Bat Conservation International, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Bats
Renewable Energy and Marine Spatial Planning: Scientific and Legal Implications Kannen, A., Kremer, H., Gee, K. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Current status of wind energy and wind energy policy in Turkey Yaniktepe, B., Savrun, M., Koroglu, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The Effects of a Large-Scale Wind Farm on Breeding Season Survival of Female Mallards and Blue-Winged Teal in the Prairie Pothole Region Gue, C., Walker, J., Mehl, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Hearing thresholds of two harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) for playbacks of multiple pile driving strike sounds Kastelein, R., Hoek, L., Gransier, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Hearing thresholds of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) for playbacks of multiple pile driving strike sounds Kastelein, R., Hoek, L., Gransier, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Modelling of Noise Effects of Operational Offshore Wind Turbines Including Noise Transmission Through Various Foundation Types Marmo, B., Roberts, I., Buckingham, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Bird Impact Study of a Preloaded Composite Wind Turbine Blade Nanami, N., Ochoa, O. Conference Paper Wind Energy Birds
The Relative Vulnerability of Migratory Bird Species to Offshore Wind Energy Projects on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf: An Assessment Method and Database Willmott, J., Forcey, G., Kent, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Evaluation of Lighting Schemes for Offshore Wind Facilities and Impacts to Local Environments Orr, T., Herz, S., Oakley, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Lighting
Offshore Wind Energy Development Site Assessment and Characterization: Evaluation of the Current Status and European Experience Rein, C., Lundin, A., Wilson, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Fågelundersökningar vid Storruns vindkraftanläggning, Jämtland (Bird surveys at Storrun's wind farm, Jämtland) Falkdalen, U., Lindahl, L., Nygård, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Challenges and opportunities for animal conservation from renewable energy development Katzner, T., Johnson, J., Evans, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Ecosystem Processes
Estimating the Indirect Impact of Wind Farms on Breeding Bird Assemblages: A Case Study in the Central Apennines Battisti, C., Franco, D., Norscia, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Pennsylvania Game Commission Wind Energy Voluntary Cooperation Agreement: Amendment I Pennsylvania Game Commission Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Long-Term Trends in Fatality Rates of Birds and Bats in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California Smallwood, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Birds and Offshore Wind: Studying and Assessing Effects Pereksta, D. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
On the Prediction of Pile Driving Induced Underwater Sound Pressure Levels Over Long Ranges Lippert, T., Heitmann, K., Ruhnau, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Physical Environment
Windpark SeaStar Milieueffectenrapport International Marine and Dredging Consultants Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Implications for Conservation Arnett, E., Baerwald, E. Book Chapter Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Bats
Estimating Bat and Bird Mortality Occurring at Wind Energy Turbines from Covariates and Carcass Searches Using Mixture Models Korner-Nievergelt, F., Brinkmann, R., Niermann, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Environmental Impact of Wind Energy Mann, J., Teilmann, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Impacts of OWF installations on fisheries: A Literature Review Bat, L., Sezgin, M., Sahin, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Wind Turbines do Not Negatively Affect Nest Success in the Dickcissel (Spiza americana) Hatchett, W., Hale, A., Bennett, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Annoyance, detection and recognition of wind turbine noise Van Renterghem, T., Bockstael, A., De Weirt, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions
The networked minority: How a small group prevailed in a local windfarm conflict Anderson, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Project One: Reports - Habitat Regulations Assessment Report: Information to Support the Appropriate Assessment for Project One RPS group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Regional-Scale Modelling of the Cumulative Impact of Wind Farms on Bats Roscioni, F., Russo, D., Di Feggraro, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Bats
Mid-Atlantic Marine Wildlife Surveys, Modeling, and Data: Workshop to Establish Coordination & Communication Brown-Saracino, J., Smith, C., Gilman, P. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Current state of knowledge of effects of offshore renewable energy generation devices on marine mammals & research requirements Thompson, D., Hall, A., Lonergan, M. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Deep Water: The Next Step for Offshore Wind Energy Arapogianni, A., Genachte, A., Ochagavia, R. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Design and Implementation of a Marine Animal Alert System to Support Marine Renewable Energy Deng, Z., Carlson, T., Fu, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Societal acceptance of wind farms: Analysis of four common themes across Australian case studies Hall, N., Ashworth, P., Devine-Wright, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Assessing and Analyzing Bat Activity with Acoustic Monitoring: Challenges and Interpretations Adams, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Mobile Demersal Megafauna at Artificial Structures in the German Bight - Likely Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Development Krone, R., Gutow, L., Brey, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Project One: Environmental Statement: Volume 5 - Offshore Annexes Chapter 5.5.1: Ornithology Technical Report RPS group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Airspace is Habitat Diehl, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change
Effects of an Offshore Wind Farm on Temporal and Spatial Patterns in the Demersal Fish Community Bergström, L., Sundqvist, F., Bergström, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish
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