Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Impact of Secondary Hard Substrate on the Distribution and Abundance of Aurelia aurita in the Western Baltic Sea Janßen, H., Augustin, C., Hinrichsen, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Does exposure to noise from human activities compromise sensory information from cephalopod statocysts? Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Durfort, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
Responses of Local Birds to the Offshore Wind Farms PAWP and OWEZ off the Dutch mainland coast Leopold, M., van Bemmelen, R., Zuur, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Evaluating Greater Sage-Grouse Seasonal Space Use Relative to Leks: Implications for Surface Use Designations in Sagebrush Ecosystems Coates, P., Casazza, M., Blomberg, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
User Guide for the MRSea Package: Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment Scott-Hayward, L., Oedekoven, C., Mackenzie, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Mammals, Birds
Nesting Burrowing Owl Density and Abundance in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California Smallwood, K., Neher, L., Mount, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Modeling the Distribution of Migratory Bird Stopovers to Inform Landscape-Scale Siting of Wind Development Pocewicz, A., Estes-Zumpf, W., Andersen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
A case-control study of support/opposition to wind turbines: Perceptions of health risk, economic benefits, and community conflict Baxter, J., Morzaria, R., Hirsch, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Marine Renewable Energy Development: Assessing the Benthic Footprint at Multiple Scales Miller, R., Hutchison, Z., Macleod, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Environmental Impact for Offshore Wind Farms: Geolocalized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach Guermont, C., Menard, L., Gschwind, B. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Deepwater Wind Block Island Environmental Assessment and Statement of Findings US Army Corps of Engineers Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Little tern Sternula albifrons use of Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm in 2013 Perrow, M., Harwood, A. , Praca, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Wind Turbines and Invisible Technology: Unarticulated Reasons for Local Opposition to Wind Energy Hirsh, R., Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy Leasing Areas for the BOEM New Jersey Wind Energy Area Musial, W., Elliott, J., Fields, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Standard Investigation of the Impacts of Offshore Wind Turbines on the Marine Environment (StUK4) German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Genetic Approaches to Understanding the Population-Level Impact of Wind Energy Development on Migratory Bats Vonhof, M., Russell, A. Report Wind Energy Bats
Bat mortality due to collision with wind turbines in Kutch District, Gujarat, India Kumar, S., Samsoor-Ali, A., Arun, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Bat Monitoring System for Wind Farms Correia, R., Faneca, C., Vieira, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Analysis of Marine Ecology Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 3): Chapter 1-Introduction and Executive Summary Walls, R., Pendlebury, C., Lancaster, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, EMF Birds, Fish
Analysis of Marine Ecology Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 3): Appendix 2-Birds Canning, S., Lye, G., Kerr, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Wind Farms and Birds: An Updated Analysis of the Effects of Wind Farms on Birds, and Best Practice Guidance on Integrated Planning and Impact Assessment Gove, B., Langston, R., McCluskie, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Birds
Perceived Impacts from Wind Farm and Natural Gas Development in Northern Pennsylvania Jacquet, J., Stedman, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Environmental impacts of micro-wind turbines and their potential to contribute to UK climate change targets Greening, B., Azapagic, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Bird Communities and Wind Farms: A Phylogenetic and Morphological Approach Herrera-Alsina, L., Villegas-Patraca, R., Eguiarte, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Project EIA Scoping Report Statoil Wind Limited (SWL) Xodus Group Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation
Strategic Impact Management of Wind Power Projects Lima, F., Ferreira, P., Vieira, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
An Analysis about Wind Farm Construction Based on the Perspective of the Development of Ecological Environment Bai, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
London Array Offshore Wind Farm: Ornithology Aerial Survey Report 2012-2013 APEM Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm: Red-throated Diver Displacement Ellis, I., Ward, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Wind farms in Thrace: Updating the proposal for proper site selection WWF Greece Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Project: Decommissioning Programme Blue Transmission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Methodology and Results of Calibration of Tonal Click Detectors for Small Odontocetes (C-PODs) Dähne, M., Verfuss, U., Brandecker, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Bat Resources Reports for Beech Ridge Wind Energy Project US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Final 2012-2013 Annual Report Avian and Bat Monitoring Project Vasco Winds, LLC Brown, K., Smallwood, K., Karas, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Residency, Site Fidelity and Habitat Use of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) at an Offshore Wind Farm Using Acoustic Telemetry Reubens, J., Pasotti, F., Degraer, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish
Assessment of Offshore Wind Farm Effects on Birds and Needs to Plan their Future Development in Spain Mateos-Rodriguez, M., Muñoz, A., Arroyo, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Summary of pamguard beaked whale click detectors and classifiers used during the 2012 Southern California behavioral response study Keating, J., Barlow, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement Marine Mammals
Co-benefits analysis on climate change and environmental effects of wind-power: A case study from Xinjiang, China Ma, Z., Xue, B., Geng, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Life cycle assessment of wind turbines in Pınarbaşı-Kayseri Demir, N., Taskin, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Influence of Wind Turbines on Presence of Willet, Marbled Godwit, Wilson's Phalarope and Black Tern on Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and South Dakota Niemuth, N., Walker, J., Gleason, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
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