Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Aquamarine Power Appropriate Assessment Aquamarine Power Ltd Report Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Understanding Bird Collisions at Wind Farms: An Updated Review on the Causes and Possible Mitigation Strategies Marques, A., Batalha, H., Rodrigues, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy for Invenergy's Pleasant Ridge Wind Project Invenergy Canada Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Warning Sounds and Color for Reducing Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines Khan, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Strategic assessment of collision risk of Scottish offshore wind farms to migrating birds Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) Journal Article Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wind and Wildlife Fauna Collisions with Wind Turbines: Effects and Impacts, Individuals and Populations. What Are We Trying to Assess? Smales, I. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Analysis of the Overlap between Priority Greater Sage-Grouse Habitats and Existing and Potential Energy Development Across the West: Final Report LeBeau, C., Fruhwirth, J., Boehrs, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Evidence of Negative Effects of Anthropogenic Structures on Wildlife: A Review of Grouse Survival and Behaviour Hovick, T., Elmore, R., Dahlgren, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Effect of Wind Turbine Proximity on Nesting Success in Shrub-nesting Birds Bennett, V., Hale, A., Karsten, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Great Skua (Stercorarius skua) Movements at Sea in Relation to Marine Renewable Energy Developments Wade, H., Masden, E., Jackson, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
The challenges and possible solutions of horizontal axis wind turbines as a clean energy solution for the future Ahmed, N., Cameron, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Bats, Birds
A Special Purpose: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Wind Energy Rose, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
What Flight Heights Tell Us About Foraging and Potential Conflicts with Wind Farms: A Case Study in Lesser Black-Backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) Corman, A., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Seabirds, Birds
Parc éolien en mer de St Nazaire : Analyse complémentaire des impacts sur le Goéland marin (Larus marinus) McGregor, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities Erickson, W., Wolfe, M., Bay, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future Bailey, H., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Marine Mammals, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Modelling Foraging Movements of Diving Predators: A Theoretical Study Exploring the Effect of Heterogeneous Landscapes on Foraging Efficiency Chimienti, M., Bartoń, K., Scott, B. Journal Article Habitat Change Birds
Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms Bradbury, G., Trinder, M., Furness, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Implications for Offshore Wind Farm Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment: How the Manipulation of Density and Breeding Season Parameters Affects the Outcomes of Collision Risk Modelling Tongue, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Guidelines for Assessing the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds and Bats Atienza, J., Martín-Fierro, I., Infante, O. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Projet de Parc éolien en Mer de Saint- Nazaire. Diagnostic « chauves-souris » Etienne, O., Matthieu, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Diagnostic environnemental 2013-2014 pour le groupe avifaune et évaluation du risque d’impact dans le cadre du projet de parc éolien en mer de Saint- Nazaire. Matthieu, F., Benjamin, C., Franck, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Historical Challenges of Wind Energy/Wildlife Interactions: How This May Affect Distributed Wind Sinclair, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
No Evidence of Displacement due to Wind Turbines in Breeding Grassland Songbirds Hale, A., Hatchett, E., Meyer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
Assessing Bat and Bird Fatality Risk at Wind Farm Sites using Acoustic Detectors Heist, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
EMEC Fall of Warness Test Site: Environmental Appraisal European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Report Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
No evidence of displacement due to wind turbines in breeding grassland birds Hale, A., Hatchett, E., Meyer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Strategic Surveys of Seabirds off the West Coast of Lewis to Determine Use of Seaspace in Areas of Potential Marine Renewable Energy Developments Simpson, M., Woodward, R. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Avoidance Behaviour of Birds around Offshore Wind Farms: Overview of Knowledge Including Effects of Configuration Krijgsveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Assessing the Vulnerability of the Marine Bird Community in the Western North Sea to Climate Change and Other Anthropogenic Impacts Burthe, S., Wanless, S., Newell, M. Journal Article Marine Energy Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes
Home Range and Resource Selection by GPS-Monitored Adult Golden Eagles in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion: Implications for Wind Power Development Watson, J., Duff, A., Davies, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Windpark Mermaid Milieueffectenrapport International Marine and Dredging Consultants Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A Historical Perspective of Wind-Wildlife Challenges: How this May Affect Distributed Wind Sinclair, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Waterbirds in the UK 2012/13: The annual report of the Wetland Bird Survey Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J. Report Marine Energy Birds
Lake Michigan Offshore Wind Feasibility Assessment Boezaart, A., Edmonson, J., Standridge, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Developing High-Resolution Spatial Data of Migration Corridors for Avian Species of Concern in Regions of High Potential Wind Development Katzner, T. Report Wind Energy Raptors, Birds
Fuzzy Clustering in Avian Infrared Imagery Application Mirzaei, G., Ross, J., Jamali, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Project One: UPDATED IN-COMBINATION AUK DISPLACEMENT NOTE Jenner, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Searches for Dead Birds in Smøla Wind-Power Plant Area 2011-2013 Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Assessing Northern Gannet Avoidance of Offshore Windfarms Rehfisch, M., Barrett, Z., Brown, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
Displaying 1361 - 1400 of 2478 results