Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Lake-crossing behavior of migratory songbirds: Assessing potential collision risk with offshore wind on Lake Erie Korpi, Z. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Passerines
Cumulative collision risk and population-level consequences of industrial wind-power plant development for two vulture species: A quantitative warning Bounas, A., Vasilakis, D., Kret, E., Zakkak, S., Chatzigiannakou, M., Kapsalis, E., Arkumarev, V., Dobrev, D., Stamenov, A., Stoychev, S., Skartsi, T., Sidiropoulos, L., Halley, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Effects of wind turbine dimensions on the collision risk of raptors: A simulation approach based on flight height distributions Schaub, T., Klaassen, R., Zutter, C., Albert, P., Bedotti, O., Bourrioux, J., Buij, R., Chadoeuf, J., Grande, C., Illner, H., Isambert, J., Janssens, K., Julius, E., Lee, S., Mionnet, A., Muskens, G., Raab, R., Rijn, S., Shamoun-Baranes, J., Spanoghe, G., Hecke, B., Waldenstrom, J., Millon, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Feasibility of strategic ornithological compensatory measures in the Scottish context Tapia-Harris, C., Evans, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Going digital: challenges in monitoring marine megafauna when comparing results from visual and digital aerial surveys Quéroué, M., Authier, M., Besnard, A., Heerah, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Avoidance and attraction responses of kittiwakes to three offshore wind farms in the North Sea Pollock, C., Johnston, D., Boersch-Supan, P., Thaxter, C., Humphreys, E.M., O'Hanlon, N., Clewley, G., Weston, E., Shamoun-Baranes, J., Cook, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Design of a Launcher for Wildlife Collision Simulation on Wind Turbines to Validate Strike Detection Systems Roadman, J., Goldhor, R., Hein, C., Ivanov, C., Rooney, S. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Detektionssysteme zur ereignisbezogenen Abschaltung von Windenergieanlagen zum Schutz von tagaktiven Brutvögeln Bruns, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avoidance & Minimisation of Environmental Impacts from Offshore Wind & Grid Infrastructure Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
NMFS West Coast Offshore Wind Energy Strategic Science Plan National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Visual fields, foraging and collision vulnerability in gulls (Laridae) Cantlay, J., Portugal, S., Martin, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Options for biodiversity-friendly designs and approaches for offshore wind farms in Ireland BlueWise Marine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
How is cumulative seabird displacement from offshore wind farms assessed and verified, and what does current and future cumulative displacement look like? Hall, R. Thesis Wind Energy Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Technology Gaps for Monitoring Birds and Marine Mammals at Offshore Wind Facilities Courbis, S., Williams, K., Stepanuk, J., Etter, H., McManus, M., Campoblanco, F., Pacini, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals
Influence of wind on kittiwake Rissa tridactyla flight and offshore wind turbine collision risk Davies, J., Boersch-Supan, P., Clewley, G., Humphreys, E., O'Hanlon, N., Shamoun-Baranes, J., Thaxter, C., Weston, E., Cook, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Reconciling wind energy development with bird conservation: A comparative study of flight behaviour in raptors to understand and mitigate wind turbine collision risk Schaub, T. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A synthetic analysis of post-construction displacement and attraction of marine birds at offshore wind energy installations Lamb, J., Gulka, J., Adams, E., Cook, A., Williams, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement Birds
Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts White, C., Wang, Y-H, Walter, R., Ruttenberg, B., Han, D., Newman, E., Deyle, E., Gopal, S., Kaufman, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Entanglement Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), US Department of the Interior (DOI) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
Estimating collision risk for whitetailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in onshore wind power environments: Application of spatial modelling frameworks and predictive mapping Halgunset, G. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing the engineering, environmental and economic aspects of repowering onshore wind energy Ahmed, F., Foley, A., Dowds, C., Johnston, B., Al Kez, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf, Offshore Oregon Final Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), US Army Corps of Engineers, US Coast Guard, Elk Valley Rancheria Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Flight behaviour of Red Kites within their breeding area in relation to local weather variables: Conclusions with regard to wind turbine collision mitigation Aschwanden, J., Stark, H., Liechti, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Guidance for Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring to Detect Changes in Marine Bird Distributions and Habitat Use Related to Offshore Wind Development Avian Displacement Guidance Committee Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement Birds
Collaboration for Environmental Mitigation and Nature Inclusive Design (CEMNID) Xodus Group, The Rich North Sea - De Rijke Noordzee Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Preliminary study on the environmental effects of hydrogen production at sea Plantema, M., van Erp, C., Verweij, L. , van der Endt, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Wind Energy: Technologies and Approaches to Help Address Environmental Effects United States Government Accountability Office Report Wind Energy Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Efficacy of non‐lead ammunition distribution programs to offset fatalities of golden eagles in southeast Wyoming Slabe, V., Crandall, R., Katzner, T., Duerr, A., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Fortsetzungsstudie Probabilistik - Das Raumnutzungs-Kollisionsrisikomodell (RKR-Modell) Mercker, M., Raab, R., Liesenjohann, T., Liedtke, J., Blew, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Global Review on Environmental Impacts of Onshore Wind Energy in the Field of Tension between Human Societies and Natural Systems Sander, L., Jung, C., Schindler, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Global Review on Environmental Impacts of Onshore Wind Energy and Their Implications for Forest Ecosystems Sander, L., Jung, C., Schindler, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Assessing environmental impacts of offshore wind farms: lessons learned and recommendations for the future Rahman, F., Kumar, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Methodological Selection of Optimal Features for Object Classification Based on Stereovision System Tkaczyk, R., Madejski, G., Gradolewski, D., Dziak, D., Kulesza, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Trends in greater sage-grouse lek counts relative to existing wind energy development in Wyoming Smith, K., LeBeau, C., Hoskovec, L., Beck, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Integrated Environmental & Social Sensitivity Mapping: Guidance for Early Offshore Wind Spatial Planning World Bank Group Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism
From Concerns to Engagement: How experts address citizen concerns about birds through engagement in wind farm projects Dossin, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations Danovaro, R., Bianchelli, S., Brambilla, P., Brussa, G., Corinaldesi, C., Del Borghi, A., Dell'Anno, A., Fraschetti, S., Greco, S., Grosso, M., Nepote, E., Rigamonti, L., Boero, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
The Potential Environmental Impacts of Floating Offshore Wind in California California Ocean Science Trust Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals
Forecasting nocturnal bird migration for dynamic aeroconservation: The value of short-term datasets Bradaric, M., Kranstauber, B., Bouten, W., Shamoun-Baranes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Reduced survival in a soaring bird breeding in wind turbine proximity along the northern Baltic Sea coast Nebel, C., Stjernberg, T., Tikkanen, H., Laaksonen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
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