Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Comparing distribution of harbour porpoise using generalized additive models and hierarchical Bayesian models with integrated nested laplace approximation Williamson, L., Scott, B., Laxton, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Distance to hedgerows drives local repulsion and attraction of wind turbines on bats: Implications for spatial siting Leroux, C., Kerbiriou, C., Le Viol, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Chasing the offshore wind farm wind-wake-induced upwelling/downwelling dipole Floeter, J., Pohlmann, T., Harmer, A Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Environmental Impact Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment for a Deep Water Floating Offshore Wind Turbine on the Brazilian Continental Shelf de Paula, L., Carmo, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment
Offshore Wind Lease Issuance, Site Characterization, and Site Assessment: Central and Northern California Reeb, D., Schroeder, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Drivers and energy justice implications of renewable energy project siting in the United States O'Shaughnessy, E., Wiser, R., Hoen, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Conceptualisation of multiple impacts interacting in the marine environment using marine infrastructure as an example Komyakova, V., Jaffrés, J., Strain, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Attraction Invertebrates
Research progress and prospects of gliding robots applied in ocean observation Tian, B., Guo, J., Song, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Fish, Marine Mammals, Sediment Transport
Sunrise Wind COP Appendix I2: Onshore Acoustic Assessment Exponent Engineering P.C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Hawkeye State Headwinds: A Case Study of Local Opposition and Siting Challenges for Large Scale Wind Development in Iowa Kelly, C., Nelson, S., Herter, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
End of Life Materials Mapping for Offshore Wind in Scotland Bennet, L., Spyroudi, A., Stevenson, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Activity of forest specialist bats decreases towards wind turbines at forest sites Ellerbrok, J., Delius, A., Peter, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Bats
A framework for categorizing the interactions of offshore windfarms and fisheries Stokesbury, K., Fay, G., Griffin, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Offshore Wind Priority Conflict Topics for Marine Mammals and Birds Courbis, S., Pacini, A., Williams, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Revolution Wind COP Appendix Z2: Protected Species Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (PSMMP): Sea Turtles and ESA-Listed Fish Species LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions Scholz, C., Voigt, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Invertebrates
Do magnetic fields related to submarine power cables affect the functioning of a common bivalve? Jakubowska-Lehrmann, M., Białowąs, M., Otremba, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Invertebrates
Particle motion observed during offshore wind turbine piling operation Sigray, P., Linne, M., Andersson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Kurtosis analysis of sounds from down-the-hole pile installation and the implications for marine mammal auditory impairment Guan, S., Brookens, T., Miner, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Prairie grouse and wind energy: The state of the science and implications for risk assessment Lloyd, J., Aldridge, C., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Spatial Modeling to Support Sustainable Offshore Wind Energy Development for California Degagne, R., Gough, M., Joseph, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
New England Wind COP Appendix III-M: Assessing the Potential Acoustic Impact on Marine Fauna during Construction of New England Wind Epsilon Associates Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Renewable Energy Landscapes: Designing Place-Based Infrastructure for Scale O'Neil, R., Preziuso, D., Arkema, K. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Using weather radar to help minimize wind energy impacts on nocturnally migrating birds Cohen, E., Buler, J., Horton, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind energy in the city: Hong Kong’s offshore wind energy generation potential, deployment plans, and ecological pitfalls Delina, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions
A review of support tools to assess multi-sector interactions in the emerging offshore Blue Economy Turschwell, M. P., Hayes, M. A., Lacharite, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Maryland Offshore Wind Public Scoping Report BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism
Identifying the Potential of Floating Artificial Benthic Ecosystems to Underpin Offshore Development Komyakova, V., Wright, B., Frusher, S. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
Vulnerability and spatial competition: The case of fisheries and offshore wind projects Hélène, B., Marjolaine, F., Christelle, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
“After the leases are signed, it's a done deal”: Exploring procedural injustices for utility-scale wind energy planning in the United States Elmallah, S., Rand, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Development of a Novel Physiology Tag to Measure Oxygen Consumption in Free-Ranging Seabirds McKnight, C., Bogdanova, M., Butler, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
State-of-the-art review of the flexibility and feasibility of emerging offshore and coastal ocean energy technologies in East and Southeast Asia Li, M., Luo, H., Zhou, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Offshore wind farms contribute to epibenthic biodiversity in the North Sea ter Hofstede, R., Driessen, F., Elzinga, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Convergence of emerging technologies: development of a risk-based paradigm for marine mammal monitoring for offshore wind energy operations Macrander, A., Brzuzy, L., Raghukumar, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
The local socio-economic impacts of offshore wind farms Glasson, J., Durning, B., Welch, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Review of fish and fisheries research to inform ScotMER evidence gaps and future strategic research in the UK Xoubanova, S., Lawrence, Z. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Study to examine the impact of climate change on seabird species off the east coast of Scotland and potential implications for environmental assessments Searle, K., Waggitt, J., Evans, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Study to examine the feasibility of extending SeabORD to the entire breeding season Searle, K., Jones, E.L., Bogdanova, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Feasibility of extending SeabORD to the entire breeding season: study Searle, K., Jones, E., Bogdanova, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Offshore wind power - the new trend for economic development and security of island sovereignty Doan, T., Tran, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
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