Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix W: Essential Fish Habitat Assessment Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish
Kitty Hawk North Wind Construction and Operations Plan Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix U: Assessment of the Potential Effects of the Kitty Hawk Offshore Wind Project on Bats and Birds Biodiversity Research Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix O: In-Air Acoustic Assessment Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix J: Preliminary Cable Burial Risk Assessment Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix V: Benthic Resource Characterization Reports RPS group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix S: Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results APEM Ltd, Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish
Wind turbine wakes can impact down-wind vegetation greenness Diffendorfer, J., Vanderhoof, M., Ancona, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs SEER, Green, R., Hein, C. Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Golden Eagle Nesting Territory Distribution in Wind Energy Landscapes of the Southern Great Plains Stahlecker, D., Wallace, Z., Mikesic, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Current state of knowledge Electromagnetic fields: Electromagnetic fields and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive Descriptor 11 Energy Hermans, A., Schilt, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Reef effect of offshore structures on the occurrence and foraging activity of harbour porpoises Fernandez-Betelu, O., Graham, I., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Selecting auditory alerting stimuli for eagles on the basis of auditory evoked potentials Goller, B., Baumhardt, P., Dominguez-Villegas, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Evaluation of a coastal acoustic buoy for cetacean detections, bearing accuracy and exclusion zone monitoring Palmer, K. , Tabbutt, S., Gillespie, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
International assessment of priority environmental issues for land-based and offshore wind energy development Green, R., Gill, E., Hein, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Windfarms, fishing and benthic recovery: Overlaps, risks and opportunities Dunkley, F., Solandt, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Pile driving repeatedly impacts the giant scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) Jézéquel, Y., Cones, S., Jensen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Categorizing Active Marine Acoustic Sources Based on Their Potential to Affect Marine Animals Ruppel, C., Weber, T., Staaterman, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Event detection for avian and bat wildlife on wind turbine blades Drachnik, N. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
2020 Drop Camera Survey of Benthic Communities and Substrate in the 501N Study Area and an adjacent Control Area (Vineyard Wind) Stokesbury, K., Riley, C., Lego, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Environmental Impact Assessment for the decommissioning of offshore wind farms Hall, R., Topham, E., João, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Wind turbines without curtailment produce large numbers of bat fatalities throughout their lifetime: A call against ignorance and neglect Voigt, C., Kaiser, K., Look, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Future environmental scenarios for offshore wind expansion Still, D., Pacitto, S., Miller, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
RAPPORT D’ACTIVITÉ MR9 Année N+1 MAZIERE, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Vulnerability of pelagic seabirds to the introduction of offshore renewable energy infrastructure off the Irish coast Murphy, E., Jessopp, M. Research Study Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
To study the effect on marine ecosystems of noise emitted by offshore wind farms during construction and operation phases, is it relevant to focus on a few species? Henry, S., Ceyrac, L., Le Courtois, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise
Prinses Amalia Windturbine park 2022 Leewis, L., Klink, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Boosting offshore wind skills for environmental professions Munro, P., Elliot, M., Mazik, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Assessment of compensatory measures for impacts of offshore windfarms on seabirds McGregor, R., Trinder, M., Goodship, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions
Assessing the potential for offshore infrastructure as platforms for environmental monitoring Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Passive Acoustic Telemetry as a Tool to Monitor the Baseline Presence and Persistence of Highly Migratory Fish Species in Popular Recreational Fishing Grounds within the Southern New England Wind Energy Area Gervelis, B., Kneebone, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Curtailment as a successful method for reducing bat mortality at a southern Australian wind farm Bennett, E., Florent, S., Venosta, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Can the development of offshore renewable energy projects and their shore connection have an effect on the evolution of the coastline? Henry, S., Cartier, A., Duperrent, A. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Chemical Emissions from Offshore Wind Farms - Summary of the Project OffChEm Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality
RAPPORT D’ACTIVITÉ MR10 ANNÉE N+2 MAZIERE, H., LABORIE, J., Pineaux, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Assessing elements of energy justice in Colombia: A case study on transmission infrastructure in La Guajira Vega-Araujo, J., Heffron, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
National-scale impacts on wind energy production under curtailment scenarios to reduce bat fatalities Maclaurin, G., Hein, C., Williams, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Spatial assessment of benthic compensatory habitats for offshore wind farm impacts Ward, O., Aberson, M., Kirby, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Powering Healthy Seas: Accelerating Nature Positive Offshore Wind Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Hornsea 2 Offshore Wind Farm Siemens Gamesa Project Site Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
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