Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Project-Specific Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Tule Reduced Ridgeline Wind Project Tule Wind Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Ornithology Technical Report for the proposed Dogger Bank Creyke Beck Offshore Wind Farm projects Burton, N., Thaxter, C., Cook, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Measuring the Insecurity Index of species in networks of protected areas using species distribution modeling and fuzzy logic: The case of raptors in Andalusia Diaz-Gomez, D., Toxopeus, A., Groen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The New Zealand Falcon and Wind Farms: A Risk Assessment Framework Seaton, R., Barea, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Post-Construction Avian Mortality Monitoring at Project West Wind Bull, L., Fuller, S., Sim, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian Collisions at Two Wind Farms in Tasmania, Australia: Taxonomic and Ecological Characteristics of Colliders Versus Non-Colliders Hull, C., Stark, E., Peruzzo, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Impacts of Wind Energy Developments on Wildlife: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective Parsons, S., Battley, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Estimating Bird and Bat Fatality at Wind Farms: A Practical Overview of Estimators, their Assumptions and Limitations Bernardino, J., Bispo, R., Costa, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Fall of Warness Wildlife Observations Methodology European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Optimizing Wind Power Generation while Minimizing Wildlife Impacts in an Urban Area Bohrer, G., Zhu, K., Jones, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Offshore Obstruction Lighting - Issues and Mitigation Blew, J., Nehls, G., Prall, U. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Lighting Birds
Best Practice Ecological Analysis Methods for Offshore Wind in UK: Case study: Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm – An integrated approach the Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan (MEMP) Walls, R., Shenton, S., Knott, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Planner's Dilemma - How to handle Birds and Bats in the Planning Process of Wind Farms Reichenbach, M. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Integrating applied ecology and planning policy: the case of micro-turbines and wildlife conservation Park, K., Turner, A., Minderman, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Danish Offshore Wind Key Environmental Issues - A Follow-up Danish Energy Agency, Danish Nature Agency, Dong Energy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Guidelines for Raptor Conservation during Urban and Rural Land Development in British Columbia Caskey, M., Chutter, M. Report Birds
Response to Huso and Erickson's Comments on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Smallwood, K., Bell, D., Karas, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Improving Methods for Estimating Fatality of Birds and Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Warren-Hicks, W., Newman, J., Wolpert, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Avian Collision Threat Assessment at 'Bhambarwadi Wind Farm Plateau' in Northern Western Ghats, India Pande, S., Padhye, A., Deshpande, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Discrimination Between Parametric Survival Models for Removal Times of Bird Carcasses in Scavenger Removal Trials at Wind Turbines Sites Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Analysis of Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 1) Walls, R., Canning, S., Lye, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Seabird Aggregative Patterns: A New Tool for Offshore Wind Energy Risk Assessment Christel, I., Certain, G., Cama, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Nations, C., Lout, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
50 CFR Part 17: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for Gunnison Sage-Grouse; Proposed Rule Gelat, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Hierarchical Distance Sampling Approach to Estimating Mortality Rates from Opportunistic Carcass Surveillance Data Bellan, S., Gimenez, O., Choquet, R. Journal Article Terrestrial Mammals, Birds
A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates Huso, M., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Will Ocean Energy Harm Marine Ecosystems? Hammar, L. Research Study Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
A Quantitative Method to Analyze the Quality of EIA Information in Wind Energy Development and Avian/Bat Assessments Chang, T., Nielsen, E., Auberle, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Bird Monitoring at Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea - Assessing Seabird Displacement Effects Vanermen, N., Stienen, E., Courtens, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm region in winter 2012/2013 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Interannual Home Range Variation, Territoriality and Overlap in Breeding Bonelli's Eagles (Aquila fasciata) Tracked by GPS Satellite Telemetry Perez-Garcia, J., Margalida, A., Afonso, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Consequences of a Cumulative Perspective on Marine Environmental Impacts: Offshore Wind Farming and Seabirds at North Sea Scale in Context of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive Busch, M., Kannen, A., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
Evaluations of Wind Potential in Dobrogea Plateau Sabafu, A., Tudor, D. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A synthesis of human-related avian mortality in Canada Calvert, A., Bishop, C., Elliot, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Modelling Foraging Strategies in High Energy Environments (FORSITE) Chimienti, M., Bartoń, K., Scott, B. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Habitat Change Birds
An Analytical Impact Assessment Framework for Wildlife to Inform the Siting and Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities Schwartz, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Evaluating the Statistical Power of Detecting Changes in the Abundance of Seabirds at Sea Maclean, I., Rehfisch, M., Skov, H. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Bird migration monitoring in the Kaliakra region in autumn 2013, and analysis of potential impact after four years of operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Characterising the Impacts of Emerging Energy Development on Wildlife, with an Eye Towards Mitigation Northrup, J., Wittemyer, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Review of Recent Literature Relevant to the Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Devices 2013 Kropp, R. Report Marine Energy Fish, Demersal Fish, Birds
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