Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Feasibility of extending SeabORD to the entire breeding season: study Searle, K., Jones, E., Bogdanova, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Offshore wind power - the new trend for economic development and security of island sovereignty Doan, T., Tran, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Electromagnetic Field Effects on Marine Life SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates
Good Practice Guidance for assessing fisheries displacement by other licensed marine activities: Literature Review Xodus Group Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Improving Our Understanding of Seabird Behaviour at Sea Thaxter, C., Johnston, D., Clewley, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Seabird Biodiversity and Human Activities Ramos, J., Pereira, L. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds
A two way Conversation with the People of Scotland on the Social Impact of Offshore Renewables Orr, P., Twigger-Ross, C., Phillips, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Environmental Compatibility of the Parc Tramuntana Offshore Wind Project in Relation to Marine Ecosystems Diez-Caballero, K., Troiteiro, S., Garcia-Alba, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Public Perceptions of Offshore Wind farm Developments in Scotland Scottish Government Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Numerical Approximations Methods for Antenna Radiation Patterns for Motus Wildlife Tracking Systems Carlson, E., Gobeille, D., Deluca, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Environmental Impacts of Global Offshore Wind Energy Development until 2040 Li, C., Mogollón, J., Tukker, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse brood success and chick survival in a wind-energy landscape Proett, M., Roberts, S., Messmer, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Flight altitudes and fight activities of adult Red Kites (Milvus milvus) in the breeding area as determined by GPS telemetry Pfeiffer, T., Meyburg, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Floating Offshore Wind: Environmental Interactions Roadmap: Public Summary Report ORE Catapult, Xodus Group Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation
The Atlantic surfclam fishery and offshore wind energy development: 1. Model development and verification Munroe, D., Powell, E., Klinck, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Offshore wind farms affect the spatial distribution pattern of plaice Pleuronectes platessa at both the turbine and wind farm scale Buyse, J., Hostens, K., Degraer, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Habitat Change Fish
Wind farm noise shifts vocalizations of a threatened shrub-steppe passerine Gomez-Catasus, J., Barrero, A., Llusia, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Passerines
Skipjack Wind Farm (SJW02) 2021 IHA Geophysical Surveys BOEM Lease OCS-A 0519: Protected Species Observer Technical Report Gardline Ltd. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Bat and Bird Interactions with Offshore Wind Energy Development SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds
Unravelling the ecological impacts of large-scale offshore wind farms in the Mediterranean Sea Lloret, J., Turiel, A., Solé, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Recreation & Tourism
An ecosystem-based natural capital evaluation framework that combines environmental and socio-economic implications of offshore renewable energy developments Trifonova, N., Scott, B., Griffin, R. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Informing wind energy development: Land cover and topography predict occupancy for Arizona bats Starbuck, C., Dickson, B., Chambers, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Seabirds and Marine Renewable Energy Sources Harwood, A., King, S. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds
Potential climate-driven changes to seabird demography: implications for assessments of marine renewable energy development Searle, K., Butler, A., Waggitt, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions
Small suspension-feeding amphipods play a pivotal role in carbon dynamics around offshore man-made structures Mavraki, N., Coolen, J., Kapasakali, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
New England Wind COP Appendix III-E: Fisheries Communications Plan Epsilon Associates Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
2022 Oregon Renewable Energy Siting Assessment Adams, W., Benner, J., Cornett, T. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Potential zones for offshore wind power development in the Gulf of Mexico using reanalyses data and capacity factor seasonal analysis Canul-Reyes, D., Rodríguez-Hernández, O., Jarquin-Laguna, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Environmental Impact of Solar and Wind energy- A Review Hamed, T., Alshare, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Effect of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines on Atmospheric Circulation in California Raghukumar, K., Chartrand, C., Chang, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
New England Wind COP Appendix III-R: Draft Piping Plover Protection Plan Epsilon Associates Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Empire Offshore Wind: Empire Wind Project (EW 1 and EW 2) Construction and Operations Plan Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Impact on the perceived landscape quality through renewable energy infrastructure. A discrete choice experiment in the context of the Swiss energy transition Salak, B., Kienast, F., Olschewski, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
DRAFT Ocean Wind 1 Offshore Wind Farm Biological Assessment BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Effects of pile driving sound playbacks and cadmium co-exposure on the early life stage development of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus Stenton, C., Bolger, E., Michenot, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Noise Invertebrates
Essential Environmental Concepts for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in Europe Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Key factors influencing onshore wind energy development: A case study from the German North Sea region Kiunke, T., Gemignani, N., Malheiro, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
New England Wind COP Appendix III-F: Essential Fish Habitat Assessment Epsilon Associates Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish
Keep it local and bird-friendly: Exploring the social acceptance of wind energy in Switzerland, Estonia, and Ukraine Vuichard, P., Broughel, A., Wüstenhagen, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Winds of change: examining attitude shifts regarding an offshore wind project Bingaman, S., Firestone, J., Bidwell, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
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