Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Ponnequin Wind Energy Project: Reference Site Avian Study Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Ryder, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Impact Assessment of Sea Bottom and Marine Biology Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Underwater Noise Measurements, Analysis, and Predictions Degn, U. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Avian and Bat Mortality Associated with the Vansycle Wind Project, Umatilla County, Oregon 1999 Study Year Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Final Report: avian and bat mortality associated with the Vansycle wind project Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Effects on Birds of an Offshore Wind Park at Horns Rev: Environmental Impact Assessment Noer, H., Christensen, T., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at Tehachapi Pass and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Resource Areas, California: Phase 1 Preliminary Results Anderson, R., Strickland, D., Tom, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Birds, Raptors
Bird Mortality Associated with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota Osborn, R., Higgins, K., Usgaard, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Windfarms and Birds: Calculating a Theoretical Collision Risk Assuming No Avoiding Action Band, W. Report Wind Energy Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Environmental Characteristics of Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Burrow Locations in an Altered Industrial Landscape Lovich, J., Daniels, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Horns Rev Wind Power Plant Environmental impact assessment of hydrography Edelvang, K., Møller, A., Steenberg, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Windpower and Grey Seals: An Impact Assessment of Potential Effects by Sea-Based Windpower Plants on a Local Seal Population Sundberg, J., Söderman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Baseline Avian Use and Behavior at the CARES Wind Plant Site, Klickitat County, Washington: Final Report Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Nocturnal flight activity of sea ducks near the windfarm Tunø Knob in the Kattegat Tulp, I., Schekkerman, H., Larsen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Studying Wind Energy/Bird Interactions: A Guidance Document Anderson, R., Morrison, M., Sinclair, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effects of Wind Turbines on Upland Nesting Birds in Conservation Reserve Program Grasslands Leddy, K., Higgins, K., Naugle, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Passerines
Status of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Avian Research Program Sinclair, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
An Evaluation of the Impact of the Alameda County/Land Owner Ground Squirrel Management Program on Squirrel Abundance, Raptor Use, and Raptor Fatalities: A status report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Population Trend Analysis 1994-1997 Hunt, W., Jackman, R., Hunt, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Behaviour of migrating birds exposed to X-band radar and a bright light beam Bruderer, B., Peter, D., Steuri, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, EMF Birds
Using Marine Surveillance Radar to Study Bird Movements and Impact Assessment Harmata, A., Podruzny, K., Zelenak, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Assessing the Impact of the Tunø Knob Wind Park on Sea Ducks: The Influence of Food Resources Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Environmental Assessment: Expanded Ponnequin Wind Energy Project, Weld County, Colorado US Department of Energy (DOE) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Studying wind energy/bird interactions: A guidance document. Metrics and methods for determining or monitoring potential impacts on birds at existing and proposed wind energy sites Anderson, R., Morrison, M., Sinclair, K. Book Wind Energy Birds
Avian Risk and Fatality Protocol Morrison, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian Use of Norris Hill Wind Resource Area, Montana Harmata, A., Podruzny, K., Zelenak, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Applications of Acoustic Bird Monitoring for the Wind Power Industry Evans, W. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Impact Assessment of an Off-shore Wind Park on Sea Ducks Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Waterfowl
Predicting the Response of Bird Populations to Wind Energy-Related Deaths Morrison, M., Pollock, K., Oberg, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Ecosystem Processes
Bird Flight Characteristics Near Wind Turbines in Minnesota Osborn, R., Dieter, C., Higgins, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Waterfowl
Bat Collisions with Wind Turbines in Southwestern Minnesota Osborn, R., Higgins, K., Dieter, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Conflicting views of sustainability: The case of wind power and nature conservation in Denmark Christensen, P., Lund, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Altamont Avian Plan: Status Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service By the Consortium of Altamont Owners Richard Curry Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Nocturnal Flight Patterns and Altitudes of Diving Ducks in the IJsselmeer Area Dirksen, S., Spaans, A., Winden, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
The Influence of High Ground Squirrel Densities on the Occurrence of Golden Eagles on Altamont Ownership Consortium Property Hunt, G., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds
Development of a Practical Modeling Framework for Estimating the Impact of Wind Technology on Bird Populations Morrison, M., Pollack, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Addendum to Final: Seawest/KENETECH Windfarm Development Comparison, Carbon County, Wyoming TRC Mariah Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Second-Year Progress Report Predatory Bird Research Group Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing Impacts to Birds from the Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Windplant Development Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Overview of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Avian Research Program Sinclair, K., Morrison, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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