Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Hywind Scotland Ornithological Monitoring Programme: Overwintering distributions of common guillemot and razorbill populations in Eastern Scotland Bogdanova, M., Buckingham, L., Newell, M., Wanless, S., Harris, M., Andrews, C., Morley, T., Weston, E., Swann, R., Canham, M., Bennett, S., Cox, N., Quintin, M., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
Virtual Forum on Prairie Grouse and Wind Energy: 2021 Synthesis American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
A two-fold increase in migration distance does not have breeding consequences in a long-distance migratory seabird with high flight costs Dufour, P., Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K., Lavergne, S., Renaud, J., Jakubas, D., Descamps, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Underestimated Scale of Songbird Offshore Migration Across the South-Eastern North Sea during Autumn Brust, V., Hüppop, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Passerines
Flight Altitudes of Raptors in Southern Africa Highlight Vulnerability of Threatened Species to Wind Turbines McClure, C., Dunn, L., McCabe, J., Rolek, B., Botha, A., Virani, M., Buij, R., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Land suitability assessment for wind farms through best-worst method and GIS in Balıkesir province of Turkey Tercan, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Stakeholder Engagement
Risks to different populations and age classes of gannets from impacts of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Pollock, C., Lane, J., Buckingham, L., Garthe, S., Jeavons, R., Furness, R., Hamer, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Documentation of the technical discussion "Anti-collision systems for birds" - A look at the development and testing status KNE (Kompetenzzentrum Naturschutz und Energiewende) Report Wind Energy Collision Birds
Major threats to a migratory raptor vary geographically along the eastern Mediterranean flyway Oppel, S., Arkumarev, V., Bakari, S,, Dobrev, V., Saravia-Mullin, V., Adefolu, S., Aktay Sözüer, L., Apeverga, P., Arslan, S., Barshep, Y., Bino,T., Bounas, A., Çetin,T., Dayyoub, M., Dobrev, D., Duro, K., El-Moghrabi, L., ElSafoury, H., Endris, A., Ghazal Asswad, N., Harry, J., Ivande, S., Jbour, S., Kapsalis, E., Kret, E., Mahamued, B., Manu, S., Mengistu, S., Moussa Zabeirou, A., Muhammad, S., Nakev, S., Ngari, A., Onoja, J., Osta, M., Özuslu, S., Petrovski, N., Popgeorgiev, G., Pourchier, C., Qaneer, T., Ruffo, A., Shobrak, M., Sidiropoulos, L., Skartsi, T., Sözüer, Ö., Stara, K., Tesfaye, M., Topi, M,, Vavylis, D., Velevski, M., Vorpsi, Z., Wondafrash, M., Xeka, E., Yeniyurt, C., Yordanov, E., Nikolov, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy: Volume 2: Results (Birds) Pembroke, A., Robinson Willmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
A Review of Biodiversity Data Needs and Monitoring Protocols for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in the Baltic Sea and North Sea Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality
Cumulative impacts of wind farms on the North Sea ecosystem Piet, G., Tamis, J., van der Wal, J., Jongbloed, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
State of Maine Offshore Wind Energy Research Array: Application for an Outer Continental Shelf Renewable Energy Research Lease State of Maine Report Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Comments on Commercial Leasing for Wind Power Development on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Offshore Morro Bay, California, East and West Extensions Flick, P., Hislop, K., Humphries, E., Tait, D., George, G., Aylesworth, S., Stocker, M., Cullum, L., Bense-Kang, D., Weiler, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Reptiles
American Bird Conservancy Comments on the Morro Bay Offshore Wind Call for Information American Bird Conservancy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions
Electricity production and comparative analysis for wind availability power potential assessment at four sites in Egypt Ibrahim, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
A practical wind farm siting framework integrating ecosystem services — A case study of coastal China Xing, L., Wang, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions
RAPPORT D’ACTIVITÉ MR10 ANNÉE N+1 MAZIERE, H., Le Guen, M., LABORIE, J., Leicher, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wind Turbine Interactions with Wildlife and Their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions (2021 Update) American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report (Year 2): May I 2021 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Willmott, J., Bloor, S., Goddard, B., Jervis, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
When speed matters: The importance of flight speed in an avian collision risk model Masden, E., Cook, A., McCluskie, A., Bouten, W., Burton, N., Thaxter, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Document cadre de la MR9 Réduire les dérangements de la halte migratoire du Puffin des Baléares Sadoul, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Life-cycle impacts of wind energy development on bird diversity in Norway May, R., Jackson, C., Middel, H., Stokke, B., Verones, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Environmental and seasonal correlates of capercaillie movement traits in a Swedish wind farm Kämmerle, J., Taubmann, J., Andrén, H., Fiedler, W., Coppes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Resident breeding bird responses to wind turbines: A functional and phylogenetic perspective Ding, Z., Liang, J., Cai, J., Wei, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Ecological Baseline Studies of the US Outer Continental Shelf Willmot, J., Forcey, G., Vukovich, M., McGovern, S., Clerc, J., Carter, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report (Year 2): May II 2021 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Willmott, J., Bloor, S., Goddard, B., Jervis, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
A roadmap towards quantitative cumulative impact assessments: Every step of the way Piet, G., Tamis, J., Volwater, J., de Vries, P., van der Wal, J., Jongbloed, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Abundance and behavior of little egrets (Egretta garzetta) near an onshore wind farm in Chongming Dongtan, China Xu, H., Zhao, S., Song, N., Liu, N., Zhong, S., Wang, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Non-territorial GPS-tagged golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos at two Scottish wind farms: Avoidance influenced by preferred habitat distribution, wind speed and blade motion status Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S., Dennis, R., Geary, M., Weston, E., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Land-Based Wind Energy Siting: A Foundational and Technical Resource Christol, C., Oteri, F., Laurienti, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Multispecies tracking reveals a major seabird hotspot in the North Atlantic Davies, T., Carneiro, A., Tarzia, M., Wakefield, E., Hennicke, J., Frederiksen, M., Hansen, E., Campos, B., Hazin, C., Lascelles, B., Anker-Nilssen, T., Arnardóttir, H., Barrett, R., Biscoito, M., Bollache, L., Boulinier, T., Catry, P., Ceia, F., Chastel, O., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Cruz-Flores, M., Danielsen, J., Daunt, F., Dunn, E., Egevang, C., Fagundes, A., Fayet, A., Fort, J., Furness, R., Gilg, O., Gonzalez-Solis, J., Granadeiro, J., Grémillet, D., Guilford, T., Hanssen, S., Harris, M., Hedd, A., Huffeldt, N., Jessopp, M., Kolbeinsson, Y., Krietsch, J., Lang, J., Linnebjerg, J., Lorentsen, S., Madeiros, J., Magnusdottir, E., Mallory, M., Tranquilla, L., Merkel, F., Militão, T., Moe, B., Montevecchi, W., Morera-Pujol, V., Mosbech, A., Neves, V., Newell, M., Olsen, B., Paiva, V., Peter, H., Peterson, A., Phillips, R., Ramírez, I., Ramos, J., Ramos, R., Ronconi, R., Ryan, P., Ryan, P., Schmidt, N., Sigurðsson, I., Sittler, B., Steen, H., Stenhouse, I., Strøm, H., Systad, G., Thompson, P., Thórarinsson, T., van Bemmelen, R., Wanless, S., Zino, F., Dias, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Modeling At-Sea Density of Marine Birds to Support Renewable Energy Planning on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf of the Contiguous United States Leirness, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Eagles enter rotor-swept zones of wind turbines at rates that vary per turbine McClure, C., Rolek, B., Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A., McCabe, J., Dunn, L., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations (2021 Revision) Horwath, S., Hassrick, J., Grismala, R., Diller, E., Krebs, J., Manhard, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Reptiles
A bird of two hemispheres: An examination of Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) ecology across a landscape of increasing wind energy development Watson, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Reducing bird collision risk per megawatt by introducing longer wind turbine blades Shimada, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Draft Preliminary Environmental Assessment: Vandenberg Offshore Wind Energy Projects California State Lands Commission Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
Bird Workgroup Report for the State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy 2020: Cumulative Impacts Cook, A., Williams, K., Jenkins, E., Gulka, J., Liner, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Changes in flight paths of large-bodied birds after construction of large terrestrial wind turbines Therkildsen, O., Balsby, T., Kjeldsen, J., Nielsen, R., Bladt, J., Fox, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
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