Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Minimizing Bird Collisions with Wind Turbines: Proceedings of the KNE Conference on May 15-16, 2019 in Kassel Bruns, E., Aschwanden, J., Musiol, F. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Birds
Overview of ocean power technology Wilberforce, T., Hassan, Z., Durrant, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Is wind energy increasing the impact of socio-ecological change on Mediterranean mountain ecosystems? Insights from a modelling study relating wind power boost options with a declining species Ferreira, D., Freixo, C., Cabral, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines
Vitamine ENA: A framework for the development of ecosystem-based indicators for decision makers Safi, G., Giebels, D., Arroyo, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Minimizing wildlife impacts for offshore wind energy development: Winning tradeoffs for seabirds in space and cetaceans in time Best, B., Halpin, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Annual environmental report 2018 – Belwind Belwind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Nobelwind Offshore Energy: Annual Work Report 2018 Nobelwind Offshore Energy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Installing Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations Quieter: A Performance Overview of the First Full-Scale Demonstration of the AdBm Underwater Noise Abatement System Elzinga, J., Mesu, A., van Eekelen, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Columbian sharp‐tailed grouse nesting ecology: wind energy and habitat Proett, M., Roberts, S., Horne, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Performance Characteristics of the NoiseSpotter: An Acoustic Monitoring and Localization System Raghukumar, K., Chang, G., Spada, F. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix P2: Animal Exposure Modelling Denes, S., Weirathmueller, M., Zeddies, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
State of the Sector 2019: Economic Benefits for Wales Marine Energy Wales Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Net Zero - The UK's Contribution to Stopping Global Warming: Committee on Climate Change Report Smart, G. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
A three-dimensional underwater sound propagation model for offshore wind farm noise prediction Lin, Y., Newhall, A., Miller, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Characterizing the benthic community in Maryland’s offshore wind energy areas using a towed camera sled: Developing a method to reduce the effort of image analysis and community description Cruz-Marrero, W., Cullen, D., Gay, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Biases in the Literature on Direct Wildlife Mortality from Energy Development Loss, S., Dorning, M., Diffendorfer, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy
Three-dimensional mapping of the benthic invertebrates biophony with a compact four-hydrophones array Gervaise, C., Lossent, J., Valentini-Poirier, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Attraction Invertebrates
Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Data Analyses for the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island HDR Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Wind farm repowering guided by visual impact criteria Manchado, C., Gomez-Jauregui, V., Lizcano, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project Proposed Habitat Conservation Plan and Incidental Take Permit for Marbled Murrelet, Bald Eagle, and Golden Eagle Lewis and Thurston Counties, Washington: Final Environmental Impact Statement Anchor QEA Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Wind power development, government regulation structure, and vested interest groups: Analysis based on panel data of Province of China Shen, X., Lyu, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Assessment of the Values of Victoria’s Marine Environment Victorian Environmental Assessment Council Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
A Framework for Studying the Effects of Offshore Wind Development on Marine Mammals and Turtles Kraus, S., Kenney, R., Thomas, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Love me, love me not: Perceptions on the links between the energy sector and biodiversity conservation Moreira, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Hornsea Project Two Offshore Wind Farm Decommissioning Programme Ørsted Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
The economic geography of variable renewable energy and impacts of trade formulations for renewable mandates Bistline, J., Santen, N., Young, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Renewable energy from the high seas: Geo-spatial modelling of resource potential and legal implications for developing offshore wind projects beyond the national jurisdiction of coastal States Elsner, P., Suarez, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Carbon or Cash: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental and Economic Messages on Attitudes about Wind Energy in the United States Peterson, D., Carter, K., Wald, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Social embeddedness of policy actors. The failure of consumer-owned wind energy in Finland Ratinen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Feeding home ranges of pacific coast feeding group gray whales Lagerquist, B., Palacios, D., Winsor, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Synthesizing expert opinion to assess the at-sea risks to seabirds in the western North Atlantic Lieske, D., Tranquilla, L., Ronconi, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Current status of wind energy policy in Poland Gnatowska, R., Moryn-Kucharczyk, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summary of Spring 2019 Digital Survey #12 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix O: Essential Fish Habitat Assessment South Fork Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates
Attraction of nocturnally migrating birds to artificial light: The influence of colour, intensity and blinking mode under different cloud cover conditions Rebke, M., Dierschke, V., Weiner, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
Impact of pile-driving on Hector's dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand Leunissen, E., Rayment, W., Dawson, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Landscape Factors Affecting Foraging Flight Altitudes of Great Blue Heron in Maine; Relevance to Wind Energy Development Dolinski, L. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Shorebirds
Onshore wind and the likelihood of planning acceptance: Learning from a Great Britain context Harper, M., Anderson, B., James, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
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