Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Seabird Aggregative Patterns: A New Tool for Offshore Wind Energy Risk Assessment Christel, I., Certain, G., Cama, A., Vieites, D., Ferrer, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Nations, C., Lout, M., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
50 CFR Part 17: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for Gunnison Sage-Grouse; Proposed Rule Gelat, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates Huso, M., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Canadian Estimate of Bird Mortality Due to Collisions and Direct Habitat Loss Associated with Wind Turbine Developments Zimmerling, J., Pomeroy, A., d'Entremont, M., Francis, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Species distribution models and wind farm developments Carrete, M., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Benitez, J., Montoya, F., Donazar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Bird Monitoring at Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea - Assessing Seabird Displacement Effects Vanermen, N., Stienen, E., Courtens, W., Onkelinx, T., Van de walle, M., Verstraete, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
A synthesis of human-related avian mortality in Canada Calvert, A., Bishop, C., Elliot, R., Krebs, E., Kydd, T., Machtans, C., Robertson, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Bird migration monitoring in the Kaliakra region in autumn 2013, and analysis of potential impact after four years of operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Quantitative Method to Analyze the Quality of EIA Information in Wind Energy Development and Avian/Bat Assessments Chang, T., Nielsen, E., Auberle, W., Solop, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Proceedings of the Wind-Wildlife Research Meeting IX PNWWRM IX Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Migratory Stopover of Songbirds in the Western Lake Erie Basin Johnson, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Flight Paths of Migrating Golden Eagles and the Risk Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Rocky Mountains Johnson, N., Bradley, J., Pomeroy, A., Otter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Evaluating the Statistical Power of Detecting Changes in the Abundance of Seabirds at Sea Maclean, I., Rehfisch, M., Skov, H., Thaxter, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
The Avian Benefits of Wind Energy: A 2009 Update Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Characterising the Impacts of Emerging Energy Development on Wildlife, with an Eye Towards Mitigation Northrup, J., Wittemyer, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Searches for Dead Birds in Smøla Wind-Power Plant Area 2012: Annual Report Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Consequences of a Cumulative Perspective on Marine Environmental Impacts: Offshore Wind Farming and Seabirds at North Sea Scale in Context of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive Busch, M., Kannen, A., Garthe, S., Jessopp, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
Bird and Bat Responses to Wind Energy Development in Iowa Gillespie, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Mortalities at Wind Energy Facilities in the Contiguous United States Pagel, J., Kritz, K., Millsap, B., Murphy, R., Kershner, E., Covington, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Do migrating birds avoid offshore wind turbines? A method to investigate and analyze reactions of diurnally migrating birds to offshore wind farms Aumuller, R., Boos, K., Freienstein, S., Hill, K., Hill, R. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm region in winter 2012/2013 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
An Analytical Impact Assessment Framework for Wildlife to Inform the Siting and Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities Schwartz, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Evaluations of Wind Potential in Dobrogea Plateau Sabafu, A., Tudor, D. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Interannual Home Range Variation, Territoriality and Overlap in Breeding Bonelli's Eagles (Aquila fasciata) Tracked by GPS Satellite Telemetry Perez-Garcia, J., Margalida, A., Afonso, I., Ferreiro, E., Gardiazabal, A., Botella, F., Sanchez-Zapata, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Effect of wind energy development on breeding duck densities in the Prairie Pothole Region Loesch, C., Walker, J., Reynolds, R., Gleason, J., Niemuth, N., Stephens, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement Waterfowl, Birds
Identifying migrant waterfowl and waterbird stopovers to inform wind energy development siting within Saginaw Bay Monfils, M., Gehring, J. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Birds, Bats
Assessment of bat and avian mortality at a pilot wind turbine at Coega, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa Doty, A., Martin, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Rampion Offshore Wind: Environmental Statement E.ON Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Evaluation of the DTBird Video-System at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant: Detection Capabilities for Capturing Near-Turbine Avian Behaviour May, R., Hamre, Ø., Vang, R., Nygård, T. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds
Strategic Joint Industry Project No.1: Bird avoidance behavior and collision impact monitoring at Offshore Windfarms Marine Scotland Science, Scottish Government, UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
A Preliminary Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Sweden Hellstrom, P., Helander, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Regional Analysis of Wind Turbine-caused Bat and Bird Fatality: Final Report Drake, D., Schumacher, S., Sponsler, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
A Preliminary Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Croatia Mazal, V., Mikulic, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Horns Rev 2 Offshore Wind Farm Bird Monitoring Program 2010-2012 Skov, H., Leonhard, S., Heinänen, S., Zydelis, R., Jensen, N., Durinck, J., Johansen, T., Jensen, B., Hansen, B., Piper, W., Grøn, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Summary of Environment Impact of Renewable Energy Resources Zhu, J., Cheung, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Birds, Fish
An Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Ireland Mee, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Mohave County Wind Farm Eagle Conservation Plan and Bird Conservation Strategy Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Bird and Bat Collision Risks & Wind Energy Facilities Willmott, J., Allison Costello, E., Gordon, C., Forcey, G., Casto, S., Beaulac, G., Pilla, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
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