Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 11: Marine and Coastal Ornithology Thornton, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Construction and Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring Plan Block Island Wind Farm Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Accounting for Unsearched Areas in Estimating Wind Turbine-Caused Fatality Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf Henkel, S., Suryan, R., Lagerquist, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Reptiles, Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Birds
Upland Land use Predicts Population Decline in a Globally Near-Threatened Wader Douglas, D., Bellamy, P., Stephen, L., Pearce-Higgins, J., Wilson, J., Grant, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Offshore Test Site Alpha Ventus Expert Report: Marine Mammals (Final Report: from baseline to windfarm operation) Diederichs, A., Rose, A., Nehls, G., Brandt, M., Witte, S., Höschle, C., Dorsch,M., Liesenjohann, T., Schubert, A., Kosarev, V., Laczny, M., Hill, A., Piper, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Marine Mammals
Modelling Flight Heights of Marine Birds to More Accurately Assess Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines Johnston, A., Cook, A., Wright, L., Humphreys, E., Burton, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Can the effect of tall structures on birds be isolated from other aspects of development? Walters, K., Kosciuch, K., Jones, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Space use by Female Greater Prairie-Chickens in Response to Wind Energy Development Winder, V., NcNew, L., Gregory, A., Hunt, L., Wisely, S., Sandercock, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Quantifying the Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Gannet Populations: A Strategic Ringing Project Furness, R., Wanless, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Assessing Risk to Birds from Industrial Wind Energy Development via Paired Resource Selection Models Miller, T., Brooks, R., Lanzone, M., Brandes, D., Cooper, J., O'Malley, K., Maisonneuve, C., Tremblay, J., Duerr, A., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Bird Migration Monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm Territory, Kaliakra Region in Autumn 2014, an Analysis of Potential Impact after Five Years of Operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effects of the alpha ventus offshore test site on distribution patterns, behaviour and flight heights of seabirds Mendel, B., Kotzerka, J., Sommerfeld, J., Schwemmer, H., Sonntag, N., Garthe, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Wind Turbine Interactions with Wildlife and their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Population dynamics in white-tailed eagle at an on-shore wind farm area in coastal Norway Dahl, E. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Predicting Spatial Patterns of Eagle Migration using a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model: A Case Study Associated with a Mountain-Ridge Wind Development Ainslie, B., Alexander, N., Johnson, N., Bradley, J., Pomeroy, A., Jackson, P., Otter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Wind Turbines and Migratory Birds: Avoiding a Collision Between the Energy Industry and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act Evans, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Power Production in the North Sea Draget, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm and the Kaliakra region in winter 2013/2014 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Study on the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) Autumn Migration, Northeastern Bulgaria Gerdzhikov, G., Ilieva, M., Nikolov, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds
Of birds, blades and barriers: Detecting and analysing mass migration events at alpha ventus Hill, R., Hill, K., Aumuller, R., Schulz, A., Dittmann, T., Kulemeyer, C., Coppack, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
On Certain Problems Concerning Environmental Impact Assessment of Wind Turbines in Scope of Acoustic Effects Wszolek, T., Klaczynski, M., Mleczko, D., Ozaga, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Bats, Birds
A Spatial Conservation Prioritization Approach for Protecting Marine Birds Given Proposed Offshore Wind Energy Development Winiarski, K., Miller, D., Paton, P., McWilliams, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Post-construction evaluation of bird abundances and distributions in the Horns Rev 2 offshore wind farm area, 2011 and 2012 Petersen, I., Nielsen, R., Mackenzie, M. Report Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds
Predicting and Mapping Potential Whooping Crane Stopover Habitat to Guide Site Selection for Wind Energy Projects Belaire, J., Kreakie, B., Keitt, T., Minor, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Effects of Wind Energy Development on Survival of Female Greater Prairie-Chickens Winder, V., NcNew, L., Gregory, A., Hunt, L., Wisely, S., Sandercock, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
The Influence of Group Size and Social Interactions on Collision Risk with Obstacles Croft, S., Budgey, R., Pitchford, J., Wood, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Final Report: Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Digby Neck Wind Farm Craig, C., Kearney, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Noise Birds
Wind Turbine Fatalities Approach a Level of Concern in a Raptor Population Bellebaum, J., Korner-Nievergelt, F., Durr, T., Mammen, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Foraging Ranges of Northern Gannets in Relation to Proposed Offshore Wind Farms in the UK: 2010-2012 Langston, R., Teuten, E., Butler, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Estimates of Bird Collision Mortality at Wind Facilities in the Contiguous United States of America Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Hidden Markov Models for Estimating Animal Mortality from Anthropogenic Hazards Etterson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Leaning Juniper II Wind Power Facility Wildlife Fatality Monitoring Study January 2011-July 2013 Downes, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Breeding Bird Surveys Arkwright Summit Wind Project Chautauqua County, New York Lukins, W., Young, D., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird Mortality at a Wind-Energy Facility near a Wetland of International Importance Grodsky, S., Jennelle, C., Drake, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Spatially Explicit Model of Wintering Common Loons: Conservation Implications Winiarski, K., Miller, D., Paton, P., McWilliams, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Project Phase 1 Intertidal Survey Report Xodus Group Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Physical Environment
From Ground to Above Canopy - Bat Activity in Mature Forests is Driven by Vegetation Density and Height Muller, J., Brandl, R., Buchner, J., Pretzsch, H., Seifert, S., Stratz, C., Veith, M., Fenton, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Responses of Local Birds to the Offshore Wind Farms PAWP and OWEZ off the Dutch mainland coast Leopold, M., van Bemmelen, R., Zuur, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Evaluating Greater Sage-Grouse Seasonal Space Use Relative to Leks: Implications for Surface Use Designations in Sagebrush Ecosystems Coates, P., Casazza, M., Blomberg, E., Gardner, S., Espinosa, S., Yee, J., Wiechman, L., Halstead, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
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