Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
No evidence of displacement due to wind turbines in breeding grassland birds Hale, A., Hatchett, E., Meyer, J., Bennett, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
No Evidence of Displacement due to Wind Turbines in Breeding Grassland Songbirds Hale, A., Hatchett, E., Meyer, J., Bennett, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
Assessing Bat and Bird Fatality Risk at Wind Farm Sites using Acoustic Detectors Heist, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Avoidance Behaviour of Birds around Offshore Wind Farms: Overview of Knowledge Including Effects of Configuration Krijgsveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Home Range and Resource Selection by GPS-Monitored Adult Golden Eagles in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion: Implications for Wind Power Development Watson, J., Duff, A., Davies, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Windpark Mermaid Milieueffectenrapport International Marine and Dredging Consultants Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A Historical Perspective of Wind-Wildlife Challenges: How this May Affect Distributed Wind Sinclair, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Lake Michigan Offshore Wind Feasibility Assessment Boezaart, A., Edmonson, J., Standridge, C., Pervez, N., Desai, N., Williams, B., Clark, A., Zeitler, D., Kendall, S., Biddanda, B., Steinman, A., Klatt, B., Gehring, J., Walter, K., Nordman, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Developing High-Resolution Spatial Data of Migration Corridors for Avian Species of Concern in Regions of High Potential Wind Development Katzner, T. Report Wind Energy Raptors, Birds
Fuzzy Clustering in Avian Infrared Imagery Application Mirzaei, G., Ross, J., Jamali, M., Gorsevski, P., Bingman, V. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Project One: UPDATED IN-COMBINATION AUK DISPLACEMENT NOTE Jenner, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Assessing Northern Gannet Avoidance of Offshore Windfarms Rehfisch, M., Barrett, Z., Brown, L., Buisson, R., Perez-Dominguez, R., Clough, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
Avian and Bat Survey Protocols For Large Wind Energy Conversion Systems in Minnesota Mixon, K., Schrenzel, J., Pile, D., Davis, R., Doneen, R., Joyal, L., Kestner, N., Dopeeralski, M., Schladweiler, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Birds/bats movement tracking with IR camera for wind farm applications Wei, L., Mirzaei, G., Majid, M., Jamali, M., Ross, J., Gorsevski, P., Bingman, V. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Lalamilo Wind Farm Repowering Project: Draft Environmental Assessment Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Searches for Dead Birds in Smøla Wind-Power Plant Area 2011-2013 Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind Farms Threaten Southern Africa's Cliff-Nesting Vultures Rushworth, I., Kruger, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Grande Prairie Wind Farm Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
D4.17 Report on environmental monitoring protocols Magagna, D., Lauri, C., Butler, M., Bristow, C. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Final Site-Wide Environmental Assessment Department of Energy's National Wind Technology Center Golden, Colorado at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Population Consequences of Displacement from Proposed Offshore Wind Energy Developments for Seabirds Breeding at Scottish SPAs Searle, K., Mobbs, D., Butler, A., Bogdanova, M., Freeman, S., Wanless, S., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Hatchet Ridge Wind Farm Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Comprehensive Three Year Report Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Design and Initial Component Tests of an Integrated Avian and Bat Collision Detection System for Offshore Wind Turbines Flowers, J., Albertani, R., Harrison, T., Polagye, B., Suryan, R. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Review of Environmental Data Associated with Post-Consent Monitoring of Licence Conditions of Offshore Wind Farms Marine Management Organisation (MMO) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Short-Term Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Greater Sage-Grouse Fitness LeBeau, C., Beck, J., Johnson, G., Holloran, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Wolfe Island Wind Plant Post-Construction Follow-up Plan Bird and Bat Resource Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors
Increased Flight Altitudes among Migrating Golden Eagles Suggest Turbine Avoidance at a Rocky Mountain Wind Installation Johnston, N., Bradley, J., Otter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
Collision Risk and Micro-Avoidance Rates of Birds with Wind Turbines in Flanders Everaert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Soaring Migratory Birds Avoid Wind Farm in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Southern Mexico Villegas-Patraca, R., Cabrera-Cruz, S., Herrera-Alsina, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
Differential Mortality of Birds Killed at Wind Farms in Northern Portugal Morinha, F., Travassos, P., Seixas, F., Martins, A., Bastos, R., Carvalho, D., Magalhaes, P., Santos, M., Bastos, E., Cabral, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Effects of Wind Energy Development on Nesting Ecology of Greater Prairie-Chickens in Fragmented Grasslands McNew, L., Hunt, L., Gregory, A., Wisely, S., Sandercock, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Habitat Use and Selection of Black Scoters in Southern New England and Siting of Offshore Wind Energy Facilities Loring, P., Paton, P., Osenkowski, J., Gilliland, S., Savard, J., McWilliams, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 11: Marine and Coastal Ornithology Thornton, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Measuring the Interaction Between Marine Features of Special Protection Areas with Offshore Wind Farm Development Sites Through Telemetry: Final Report Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Clark, N., Conway, G., Johnston, A., Wade, H., Masden, E., Bouten, W., Burton, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Collision Seabirds, Birds
Construction and Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring Plan Block Island Wind Farm Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Accounting for Unsearched Areas in Estimating Wind Turbine-Caused Fatality Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf Henkel, S., Suryan, R., Lagerquist, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Reptiles, Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Birds
Upland Land use Predicts Population Decline in a Globally Near-Threatened Wader Douglas, D., Bellamy, P., Stephen, L., Pearce-Higgins, J., Wilson, J., Grant, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Modelling Flight Heights of Marine Birds to More Accurately Assess Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines Johnston, A., Cook, A., Wright, L., Humphreys, E., Burton, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Offshore Test Site Alpha Ventus Expert Report: Marine Mammals (Final Report: from baseline to windfarm operation) Diederichs, A., Rose, A., Nehls, G., Brandt, M., Witte, S., Höschle, C., Dorsch,M., Liesenjohann, T., Schubert, A., Kosarev, V., Laczny, M., Hill, A., Piper, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Marine Mammals
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