Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Action on Multiple Fronts, Illegal Poisoning and Wind Farm Planning, is Required to Reverse the Decline of the Egyptian Vulture in Southern Spain Sanz-Aguilar, A., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Carrete, M., Benitez, J., Áila, E., Arenas, R., Donazar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Game Birds do not Surrogate for Raptors in Trials to Calibrate Observed Raptor Collision Fatalities Urquhart, B., Hulka, S., Duffy, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Sage grouse war tests limits of partnership in West Lavelle, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice, Legal & Policy
Occurrence of peaks in songbird migration at rotor heights of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Krijgsveld, K., Fijn, R., Lensink, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Repowering Smøla Wind-Power Plant: An Assessment of Avian Conflicts Dahl, E., May, R., Nygård, T., Åström, J., Diserud, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Ecological Monitoring using Wildlife Detection Dogs: Bat Carcass Searches at the Wanlip Wind Turbine Stanhope, K. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Curtailing Wind Turbine Operations to Reduce Avian Mortality Singh, K., Baker, E., Lackner, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Observation of Sandhill Cranes' (Grus canadensis) Flight Behavior in Heavy Fog Kirsch, E., Wellik, M., Suarez, M., Diehl, R., Lutes, J., Woyczik, W., Krapfl, J., Sojda,R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A Review of Bird Strike Mortality at Irish Onshore Windfarms Fennelly, R. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Seabird-Wind Farm Interactions During the Breeding Season Vary Within and Between Years: A Case Study of Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus in the UK Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W., Clark, N., Conway, G., Rehfisch, M., Burton, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Year 1 Post-Construction Monitoring Report MarineSpace Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
2nd Iteration: Effect of turbine capacity on collision numbers for three large gull species, based on revised density data, when assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on birds in the southern North Sea van der Wal, J., Fijn, R., Gyimesi, A., Scholl, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Evaluating the Regional Cumulative Impact of Wind Farms on Birds: How can Spatially Explicit Dynamic Modelling Improve Impact Assessments and Monitoring? Bastos, R., Pinhanços, A., Santos, M., Fernandes, R., Vicente, J., Morinha, F., Honrado, J., Travassos, P., Barros, P., Cabral, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Moving Towards Best Practice for Bird Mortality Mitigation in Wind Power Planning, Sweden McNally, R. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Investigation of the Effectiveness of Bat and Bird Detection of the DTBat and DTBird Systems at Calandawind Turbine - Final Report Hanagasioglu, M., Aschwanden, J., Bontadina, F., Nilsson, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Preliminary Methodology to Assess the National and Regional Impact of U.S. Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats Diffendorfer, J., Beston, J., Merrill, M., Stanton, J., Corum, M., Loss, R., Thogmartin, W., Johnson, D., Erickson, R., Heist, K. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Modeling autumn migration of a rare soaring raptor identifies new movement corridors in central Appalachia Dennhardt, A., Duerr, A., Brandes, D., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges Walker, R., Swift, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Fish, Birds, Bats
Classification of Birds and Bats Using Flight Tracks Cullinan, V., Matzner, S., Duberstein, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Responses of Male Greater Prairie-Chickens to Wind Energy Development Winder, V., Gregory, A., McNew, L., Sandercock, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Migration of Franklin's Gull (Leucophaeus pipixcan) and its Variable Annual Risk from Wind Power Facilities Across the Tehuantepec Isthmus Villegas-Patraca, R., Herrera-Alsina, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effectiveness of operational mitigation in reducing bat mortality and an assessment of bat and bird fatalities at the Sheffield Wind Facility, Vermont Martin, C. Thesis Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Seabird Flight Behavior and Height in Response to Altered Wind Strength and Direction Ainley, D., Porzig, E., Zajanc, D., Spear, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ecological Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds: Questions, Hypotheses, and Research Needs Wang, S., Smith, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Insufficient Sampling to Identify Species Affected by Turbine Collisions Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Loss, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Proceedings of the Wind-Wildlife Research Meeting X PNWWRM X Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Environmental Statement Non Technical Summary Statoil Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Navigation, Visual Impacts
Recommendations for distances of wind turbines to important areas for birds as well as breeding sites of selected bird species Working Group of German State Bird Conservancies Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Underpinning the precautionary principle with evidence: A spatial concept for guiding wind power development in endangered species' habitats Braunisch, V., Coppes, J., Bachle, S., Suchant, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Reprioritizing Avian Conservation Efforts DeVault, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Monitoring of Wintering Geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "St Nikola" Territory and the Kaliakra Region in Winter 2014/2015 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Seabirds and Marine Mammals Technical Report Xodus Group, Natural Research Ltd Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Marine Mammals
Design and Testing of an Integrated Wildlife-Wind Turbine Interactions Detection System Flowers, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Insufficient sampling to identify species affected by turbine collisions Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Loss, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Iteration cycle: Dealing with peaks in counts of birds following active fishing vessels when assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms and other human activities in the Southern North Sea Leopold, M., Collier, M., Gyimesi, A., Jongbloed, R., Poot, M., van der Wal, J., Scholl, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Developing a Habitat Loss Method for Assessing Displacement Impacts from Offshore Wind Farms Busch, M., Buisson, R., Barrett, Z., Davies, S., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Seabirds, Birds
Limited Impact of a Small Residential Wind Turbine on Birds on an Off-Shore Island in Maine Morris, S., Stumpe, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wildlife Impacts of and Public Attitudes Towards Small Wind Turbines Tatchley, C. Thesis Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Estimates and Correlates of Bird and Bat Mortality at Small Wind Turbine Sites Minderman, J., Fuentes-Montemayor, E., Pearce-Higgins, J., Pendlebury, C., Park, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Analysis of Wind Farm Effects on the Surrounding Environment: Assessing Population Trends of Breeding Passerines Garcia, D., Canavero, G., Ardenghi, F., Zambon, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
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