Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A Markov Model for Planning and Permitting Offshore Wind Energy: A Case Study of Radio-Tracked Terns in the Gulf of Maine, USA Cranmer, A., Smetzer, J., Welch, L., Baker, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Pre-Construction Breeding Bird Surveys Number Three Wind Energy Project Lewis County, New York Bay, K., Fritchman, C., Ritzert, J., DiDonato, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Differential Recovery of Habitat Use by Birds after Wind Farm Installation: A Multi-Year Comparison Farfan, M., Duarte, J., Real, R., Muñoz, A., Fa, J., Vargas, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
High-resolution sea duck distribution modeling: Relating aerial and ship survey data to food resources, anthropogenic pressures, and topographic variables Heinänen, S., Zydelis, R., Dorsch,M., Nehls, G., Skov, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
The Influence of Wind Energy Development on Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) Breeding Season Ecology in Eastern Idaho Proett, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Seabirds as samplers of the marine environment - a case study of northern gannets Garthe, S., Peschko, V., Kubetzki, U., Corman, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 2. Onshore: Monitoring and Mitigation Perrow, M. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 1. Onshore: Potential Effects Perrow, M. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Invertebrates, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals
Review and analysis of tracking data to delineate flight characteristics and migration routes of birds over the Southern North Sea Gyimesi, A., Evans, T., Linnebjerg, J., de Jong, J., Collier, M., Fijn, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Impacts of Wind Turbines on the Population and Nest Site Selection of the Montagu’s Harrier in the Hellweg Börde, North Rhine-Westphalia Joest, R., Griesenbrock, B., Illner, H. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement Raptors, Birds
Distances Between Breeding Sites and White-Tailed Sea Eagles Found Dead Near Wind Turbines in Schleswig-Holstein Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Conclusions, Risk Assessment, Conflict Minimisation, Practical Recommendations, Need for Further Research Hötker, H., Durr, T., Grajetzky, B., Grunkorn, T., Joest, R., Krone, O., Mammen, K., Mammen, U., Nehls, G., Rasran, L., Resetaritz, A., Treu, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Birds of Prey and Wind Farms Hötker, H., Krone, O., Nehls, G. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Behavioural Observations of White-Tailed Sea Eagles in the Vicinity of Wind Turbines Grunkorn, T., Gippert, M., Treu, G., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Calculation of the Probability of a Collision of Territorial Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines Rasran, L., Grajetzky, B., Mammen, U. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Impacts of Wind Turbines on the Population and Nest Site Selection of the Montagu’s Harrier in North Frisia Rasran, L., Thomsen, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Collisions of Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines - Analysis of the Circumstances Rasran, L., Durr, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Telemetric Monitoring of Montagu’s Harrier in Schleswig-Holstein Grajetzky, B., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Effects of Individuals Lost Due to Wind Turbines on the Time of Occupying a Territory, the Survival of Breeding Territories and the Breeding Success of White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Case Studies) Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Population Development and Breeding Success of Birds of Prey in Relation to the Development of Wind Energy Use in Germany Rasran, L., Mammen, U. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Satellite Tracking of White-Tailed Sea Eagles in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg Krone, O., Treu, G., Grunkorn, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Collision Victims and Lattice Towers - Frequency of Collision, Breeding Population and Breeding Success of Birds of Prey in Two Wind Farms in Brandenburg Durr, T., Rasran, L. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat Selection, Survival, and Wind Energy Infrastructure LeBeau, C., Johnson, G., Holloran, M., Beck, J., Nielson, R., Kauffman, M., Rodemaker, E., McDonald, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Nocturnal migrants do not incur higher collision risk at wind turbines than diurnally active species Welcker, J., Liesenjohann, M., Blew, J., Nehls, G., Grunkorn, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Towards a Framework for Quantifying the Population-Level Consequences of Anthropogenic Pressures on the Environment: The Case of Seabirds and Windfarms Cook, A., Robinson, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Golden Eagle Fatalities and the Continental-Scale Consequences of Local Wind-Energy Generation Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Braham, M., Doyle, J., Fernandez, N., Duerr, A., Bloom, P., Fitzpatrick, M., Miller, T., Culver, R., Braswell, L., DeWoody, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Impact on seabirds of new offshore wind energy test and demonstration projects in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP, N. Spain) Bald, J., Franco, J., Menchaca, I., Torre-Enciso, Y., Marina, D. Presentation Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Greater sage‐grouse male lek counts relative to a wind energy development LeBeau, C., Beck, J., Johnson, G., Nielson, R., Holloran, M., Gerow, K., McDonald, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Climate Change, Wind Energy, and Conservation: A Survey of Conflicting Issues Bauman, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Distribution, Nesting Activities, and Age-Class of Territorial Pairs of Golden Eagles at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California, 2014-16 Kolar, P., Wiens, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Review of Methods and Techniques for Field Validation of Collision Rates and Avoidance Amongst Birds and Bats at Offshore Wind Turbines Dirksen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Bat 1: Estimate of bat populations at the southern North Sea - Supporting note to ZDV report no. 2016.031 Migrating bats at the southern North Sea Lagerveld, S., Limpens, H., Schillemans, M., Scholl, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Verreauxs' Eagle and Wind Farms: Guidelines for Impact Assessment, Monitoring, and Mitigation BirdLife South Africa Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Comparing Bird And Bat Data For New Wind Power Generation Smallwood, S., Neher, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Quantifying the Demographic Cost of Human-Related Mortality to a Raptor Population Hunt, W., Wiens, J., Law, P., Fuller, M., Hunt, T., Driscoll, D., Jackman, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
A balanced solution to the cumulative threat of industrialized wind farm development on cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects (FAECE) of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds, Bats and Marine Mammals in the Southern North Sea Platteeuw, M., Bakker, J., van den Bosch, I., Erkman, A., Graafland, M., Lubbe, S., Warnas, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Birds, Bats
Bird Mortality in Two Dutch Wind Farms: Effects of Location, Spatial Design and Interactions with Powerlines Brenninkmeijer, A., Klop, E. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Wind Turbines and Birds in Germany - Examples of Current Knowledge, New Insights and Remaining Gaps Reichenbach, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy Birds
A Large-Scale, Multispecies Assessment of Avian Mortality Rates at Land-Based Wind Turbines in Northern Germany Grunkorn, T., Blew, J., Kruger, O., Potiek, A., Reichenbach, M., von Ronn, J., Timmermann, H., Weitekamp, S., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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