Using Ultraviolet Light To Deter Bats From Wind Turbines—Short Science Summary

Bat

One hypothesis seeking to explain why bats collide with wind turbines is that bats, while relying on visual cues during open-air flight, mistake turbine silhouettes as trees. As a result, bats become attracted to the wind turbine in anticipation of foraging, roosting, and/or mating opportunities. As a technique to disrupt this attraction, a series of studies (including ongoing research) have investigated whether illuminating wind turbines with ultraviolet (UV) light (visible to bats but not humans) would make them visually distinct from trees to the point that bats would no longer confuse the two. During tests in a natural setting, bats appeared to exhibit a slightly negative response to UV-lit trees; however, during testing at wind turbines, there was no significant difference in bat activity between UV-lit and non-UV-lit turbines. At present, there is no strong evidence that UV illumination either deters (or attracts) bats, and existing evidence remains inconclusive. Current and future research should investigate the efficacy of UV illuminance with study designs that focus on increased sample sizes while monitoring for any potentially unanticipated negative effects to the environment when adding stimuli such as UV lights, which may, for example, attract insects.

Using Ultraviolet Light To Deter Bats From Wind Turbines—Short Science Summary

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Best Management Practices for Bats in New Mexico Balistreri, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Post‐Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study at the Blue Sky Green Field Wind Energy Center, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin: July 21, 2008 – October 31, 2008 and March 15, 2009 – June 4, 2009 Gruver, J., Sonnenburg, M., Bay, K., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Bats on the move Popa-Lisseanu, A., Voigt, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Ripley Wind Power Project Post-Construction Monitoring Report Jacques Whitford Stantec Limited Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
2008/2009 Annual Report for the Buena Vista Avian and Bat Monitoring Project Insignia Environmental Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Avian and Bat Fatality Rates at Old-Generation and Repowered Wind Turbines in California Smallwood, K., Karas, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds, Bats
A Large-Scale Mitigation Experiment to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities Baerwald, E., Edworthy, J., Holder, M., Barclay, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
The Aversive Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Foraging Bats—A Possible Means of Discouraging Bats from Approaching Wind Turbines Nicholls, B., Racey, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, EMF Bats
Interim Report: Post-Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study Blue Sky Green Field Wind Resource Area Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin Gruver, J., Bay, K., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Bats and Onshore Wind Farms: Site-by-Site Assessment and Post-Construction Monitoring Protocols Catherine, C., Spray, S. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Proceedings of the Wind Wildlife Research Meeting VII Schwartz, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Patterns of Bat Fatality at the Casselman Wind Project in South-Central Pennsylvania: 2008 Annual Report Arnett, E., Schirmacher, M., Huso, M., Hayes, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Birds, Bats and Coastal Wind Farm Development in Maine: A Literature Review Goodale, W., Divoll, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2007 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Slobodnik, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
On-Shore Bird and Bat Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Protocol for Commercial Wind Energy Facilities in Ohio: An Addendum to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Voluntary Cooperative Agreement Ohio Department of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Annual Report for the Noble Bliss Windpark, LLC Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study 2008 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Slobodnik, L., Quant, J., Pursell, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Effectiveness of Changing Wind Turbine Cut-in Speed to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Facilities 2009 Arnett, E., Schirmacher, M., Huso, M., Hayes, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Chiropteran Risk Assessment: Proposed Pleasant Ridge Wind Energy Generation Facility, Livingston County, Illinois BHE Environmental Inc Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: Iberdrola Renewables Iberdrola Renewables Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
How Ecofriendly are Wind Farms? Cohn, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Testing the Effectiveness of an Experimental Acoustic Bat Deterrent at the Maple Ridge Wind Farm Horn, J., Arnett, E., Jensen, M., Kunz, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Wind Power Company Compliance with Mitigation Plans in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Mating Behavior as a Possible Cause of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines Cryan, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats
Behavioral Responses of Bats to Operating Wind Turbines Horn, J., Arnett, E., Kunz, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America Arnett, E., Brown, W., Erickson, W., Fiedler, J., Hamiltons, B., Henry, T., Jain, A., Johnson, G., Kerns, J., Koford, R., Nicholson, C., O'Connell, T., Piorkowski, M., Tankersley, R. Jr. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Probability of Impact Workshop National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Prairie Winds: Migrating Bats & Wind Energy in Canada Baerwald, E. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Questions, Research Needs, and Hypotheses Kunz, T., Arnett, E., Erickson, W., Hoar, A., Johnson, G., Larkin, R., Stickland, M., Thresher, R., Tuttle, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats
Results of Bat and Bird Mortality Monitoring at the Expanded Buffalo Mountain Windfarm, 2005 Fiedler, J., Henry, T., Tankersley, R. Jr., Nicholson, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Passerines, Birds, Bats
Biglow Canyon Wind Farm: Wildlife Monitoring and Mitigation Plan Portland General Electric Company, Oregon Department of Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Proceedings of the NWCC Wildlife Workgroup Research Planning Meeting VI Schwartz, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
A Preliminary Evaluation on the Use of Dogs to Recover Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities Arnett, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Preliminary Field Test Results of an Acoustic Deterrent with the Potential to Reduce Bat Mortality from Wind Turbines Szewczak, J., Arnett, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Patterns of Pre-Construction Bat Activity Determined Using Acoustic Monitoring at a Proposed Wind Facility in South-Central Wisconsin Redell, D., Arnett, E., Hayes, J., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Patterns of Pre-Construction Bat Activity at a Proposed Wind Facility in South-Central Pennsylvania Arnett, E., Hayes, J., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Battered by harsh winds - must bats pay the price for wind energy? Tuttle, M. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Attraction Bats
Impacts on Wildlife and Government Responsibilities for Regulating Development and Protecting Wildlife Office, United States Government Accountability Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Relationships between Bats and Wind Turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: An Assessment of Fatality Search Protocols, Patterns of Fatality, and Behavioral Interactions with Wind Turbines Arnett, E., Erickson, W., Kerns, J., Horn, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Proceedings of the Onshore Wildlife Interactions with Wind Developments: Research Meeting V Schwartz, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
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