Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6372
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Detektionssysteme zur ereignisbezogenen Abschaltung von Windenergieanlagen zum Schutz von tagaktiven Brutvögeln Bruns, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind energy and insects: reviewing the state of knowledge and identifying potential interactions Weschler, M., Tronstad, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Invertebrates
Blocking effects on mean ocean currents by offshore wind farm foundations Carpenter, J., Guha, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
The flyway construct and assessment of offshore wind farm impacts on migratory marine fauna Secor, D., O'Brien, M., Bailey, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
ORE Outlook 2040 - UK Offshore Renewable Energy in 2040: Building a Sustainable and Competitive ORE Sector on a Pathway to Net Zero by 2050 Greaves, D., White, D., Noble, D. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Hearing Impact on Marine Mammals Due to Underwater Sound from Future Wind Farms Thomsen, F., Stober, U., Sarnocinska-Kot, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Underwater Sound Emissions from the Moorings of Floating Wind Turbines: HYWIND Scotland Case Study Pace, F., Burns, R., Martin, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Marine infrastructure support fewer producers and more filter feeders than natural habitats: a review and meta-analysis McKibbin, O., Verges, A., Pottier, P. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
New Horizons: The Space Needed for Offshore Wind Energy in the EU by 2030 and 2040 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Ecological design of scour protection for offshore wind power Junquera Barbazán, P., Sudjada, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Physical Environment
ETHICS, VALUES & SOCIAL LICENCE FOR OFFSHORE WIND DEVELOPMENT Bossi, L., Breakey, H., Mashallsay, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Life on every stone: Characterizing benthic communities from scour protection layers of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Zupan, M., Coolen, J., Mavraki, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Avoidance & Minimisation of Environmental Impacts from Offshore Wind & Grid Infrastructure Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Ensuring The Social License For Wind Projects In Latin America Global Wind Energy Council Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Impacts of large-scale offshore wind farms on tropical cyclones: a case study of Typhoon Hato Zhang, P., Deng, S., Tuo, P-F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
NMFS West Coast Offshore Wind Energy Strategic Science Plan National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Improving Decision-Making for The Energy Transition: Guidance for using Strategic Environmental Assessment Dalal-Clayton, B., Scott-Brown, M. Guidance Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy
Marine biodiversity impact pathways for offshore wind farm decommissioning: Implications for Life Cycle impact assessment development Stranddorf, L., Colley, T., Delefosse, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Identification of plankton habitats in the North Sea Plonus, R-M., Floeter, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Physical Environment
Schemes for Assessing Ecosystem Impacts in the Offshore Wind Siting Processes of European Countries and Implications for Korea Ahn, S., Soh, Y., Ryu, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Visual fields, foraging and collision vulnerability in gulls (Laridae) Cantlay, J., Portugal, S., Martin, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Advancing Nature Inclusive Offshore Renewable Energy Solutions Conference Dutch Marine Energy Centre Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates
Options for biodiversity-friendly designs and approaches for offshore wind farms in Ireland BlueWise Marine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
How is cumulative seabird displacement from offshore wind farms assessed and verified, and what does current and future cumulative displacement look like? Hall, R. Thesis Wind Energy Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of multi-use of marine space: A comparative analysis of offshore wind energy and mussel farming in the Belgian Continental Shelf with terrestrial alternatives De Luca Pena, L., Bas, B., Dewulf, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Technology Gaps for Monitoring Birds and Marine Mammals at Offshore Wind Facilities Courbis, S., Williams, K., Stepanuk, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise, Vessel Strike Birds, Marine Mammals
Maripark Blueprint Ernst & Young Report Marine Energy, Salinity Gradient, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Influence of wind on kittiwake Rissa tridactyla flight and offshore wind turbine collision risk Davies, J., Boersch-Supan, P., Clewley, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Offshore wind farm operation contributed to a slight improvement in seawater quality along the Jiangsu Coast, China Wei, Z., Wang, M., Gao, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality
Reconciling wind energy development with bird conservation: A comparative study of flight behaviour in raptors to understand and mitigate wind turbine collision risk Schaub, T. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Blue Economy CRC – Report of the Offshore Wind status quo in Norway and reflection on best practices Hatlebrekke, H., Dankel, D., Tiller, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy
Collaboration or competition? Interactions between floating and fixed-bottom offshore wind in Norway Havinga, H.C., Adriaan van der Loos, H.Z., Steen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Marine Delivery Routemap: Towards a shared vision for our seabed and coastline The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts White, C., Wang, Y-H, Walter, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Entanglement Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Offshore wind industry product carbon footprinting guidance: Guidance for measuring the life cycle carbon footprint of offshore wind developments Dineen, C., Shackley, L., Harvey, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Musseling through: Mytilus byssal thread production is unaffected by continuous noise Wang, S., Ellrich, J., Beermann, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Ecosystem Processes
Frequently Asked Questions: Offshore Wind and Whales Whale Communications Committee, Biodiversity Research Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Wind farms increase land surface temperature and reduce vegetation productivity in the Inner Mongolia Plateau Liu, L., Liu, P., Yu, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), US Department of the Interior (DOI) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
A synthetic analysis of post-construction displacement and attraction of marine birds at offshore wind energy installations Lamb, J., Gulka, J., Adams, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement Birds
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