Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Underwater Visual Records of Marine Megafauna Around Offshore Anthropogenic Structures Todd, V., Lazar, L., Williamson, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles
Seabird distribution in 3D: assessing risk from offshore wind energy generation Schatz Energy Research Center Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Summary of Discussions from Specialist Committees of the Environmental Technical Working Group (E-TWG) on the Topic of Regional Research and Monitoring New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Placement of Wind Energy Infrastructure Matters: A Quantitative Study Evaluating Response of Lesser Prairie-Chicken to a Wind Energy Facility LeBeau, C., Kauffman, M., Smith, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Renewable energy and migratory species Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Report Wind Energy Displacement Birds
Understanding the Golden Eagle and Bald Eagle Sensory Worlds to Enhance Detection and Response to Wind Turbines Fernández-Juricic, E., Katzner, T., Goller, B. Report Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Consistent effects of wind turbines on habitat selection of capercaillie across Europe Coppes, J., Kämmerle, J., Grunschachner-Berger, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Foraging seabirds respond to an intermittent meteorological event in a coastal environment Waggitt, J., Torres, R., Fraser, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Recovery of raptors from displacement by wind farms – a response Santos, C., Marques, A., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds, Raptors
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds in Winter 2019-2020 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Summary of Discussions from the Bird and Bat Specialist Committee of the Environmental Technical Working Group (E-TWG) New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting Bats, Birds
Amherst Island Wind Project 2019 Post - Construction Mortality Monitoring Report Natural Resource Solutions Inc. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
National wind wildlife research plan, 2020-2023 American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Hazards of wind turbines on avifauna-a preliminary appraisal within the Indian context Deb, H., Sanyal, T., Kaviraj, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Test of the automatic bird detection system IdentiFlight on the test field of WindForS in the context of nature conservation research Aschwanden, J., Liechti, F. Report Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Behavioral Response of Grouse to Wind Energy Turbines: A Quantitative Review of Survival, Habitat Selection, and Lek Attendance LeBeau, C., Howlin, S., Tredennick, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Seabird Population Trends and Causes of Change: 1986-2018 Report Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Report Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Modelling risks posed by wind turbines and power lines to soaring birds Smeraldo, S., Bosso, L., Fraissinet, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Modelling risks posed by wind turbines and power lines to soaring birds: the black stork (Ciconia nigra) in Italy as a case study Smeraldo, S., Bosso, L., Fraissinet, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Applying AI-Based Solutions to Avoid Bird Collisions at Wind Parks Salkanovic, E., Enevoldsen, P., Xydis, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Turbine Collision Mortality in the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Heuck, C., Herrmann, C., Wendt, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing fatality risk of bats at offshore wind turbines Lagerveld, S., Noort, C., Meesters, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Revolution Wind COP Appendix K: Onshore Natural Resources and Biological Assessment Vanasse Hangen Brustlin Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
Attracted to the outside: a meso-scale response pattern of lesser black-backed gulls at an offshore wind farm revealed by GPS telemetry Vanermen, N., Courtens, W., Daelemans, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Identifying Birds' Collision Risk with Wind Turbines Using a Multidimensional Utilization Distribution Method Khosravifard, S., Skidmore, A., Naimi, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Learning from Real-World Experience to Understand Renewable Energy Impacts to Wildlife Conkling, T., Vander Zanden, H., Poessel, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Revolution Wind COP Appendix AA: Assessment of the Potential Effects of the Revolution Wind Offshore Wind Farm on Birds and Bats Biodiversity Research Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Assessing population‐level consequences of anthropogenic stressors for terrestrial wildlife Katzner, T., Braham, M., Conkling, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Effects of Wind Turbine Curtailment on Bird and Bat Fatalities Smallwood, K., Bell, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
The State of the Science on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy Development: Workshop Proceedings Gulka, J., Williams, K. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Using results from avian tracking studies to inform assessments of offshore wind energy areas in the US Atlantic Loring, P., Spiegel, C. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Using radar technology to assess visual monitoring accuracy of Cape Vulture movements Becker, F., Millikin, R., Leslie, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Potential environmental impacts of wind energy development: A global perspective Nazir, M., Ali, N., Bilal, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes
Estimates of aerial vertebrate mortality at wind farms in a bird migration corridor and bat diversity hotspot Cabrera-Cruz, S., Cervantes-Pasqualli, J., Franquesa-Soler, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
“Seas of risk”: Assessing the threats to colonial-nesting seabirds in Eastern Canada Lieske, D., Tranquilla, L., Ronconi, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Optimal strategies for wind turbine environmental curtailment Rogers, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Landscape anthropization shapes the survival of a top avian scavenger Arrondo, E., Sanz-Aguilar, A., Perez-Garcia, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Ecological impact of decommissioning offshore wind farms Teunis, M., Collier, M., Bakker, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Predicting strike susceptibility and collision patterns of the common buzzard at wind turbine structures in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany Bose, A., Durr, T., Klenke, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Impacts of climate change on seabirds, relevant to the coastal and marine environment around the UK Mitchell, I., Daunt, F., Frederiksen, M. Report Marine Energy Birds, Seabirds
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