Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Animal Behavioral Adaptation to Changing Landscapes: Spring-Staging Geese Habituate to Wind Farms Madsen, J., Boertmann, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
The Relation Between Birds and Wind Turbines and Other Aerial Obstacles - A Literature Survey Nygård, T., Bevanger, K., Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy Birds
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: Iberdrola Renewables Iberdrola Renewables Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Collision Fatality of Raptors in Wind Farms does not Depend on Raptor Abundance de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Whitfield, D., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring of Migrating Waterbirds Piper, W., Kulik, G., Durinck, J., Skov, H., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Biological Study Plan East Ridge Wind Energy Project Gerhardt, R., Luginbuhl, J., Gritski, R., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Spatial Overlap of Wind Farms on Peatland with Sensitive Areas for Birds Bright, J., Langston, R., Pearce-Higgins, J., Bullman, R., Evans, R., Gardner, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring of Resting Waterbirds Skov, H., Piper, W., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Map of Bird Sensitivities to Wind Farms in Scotland: A Tool to Aid Planning and Conservation Bright, J., Langston, R., Bullman, R., Evans, R., Gardner, S., Pearce-Higgins, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Food Basis for Common Scoter Skov, H., Durinck, J., Erichsen, A., Kloster, R., Møhlenberg, F., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Key conservation issues for migratory land- and waterbird species on the world's major flyways Kirby, J., Stattersfield, A., Butchart, S., Evans, M., Grimmett, R., Jones, V., O'Sullivan, J., Tucker, G., Newton, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Raptors and Wind Energy Development in the Central Appalachians: Where We Stand on the Issue Katzner, T., Brandes, D., Lanzone, M., Miller, T., Ombalski, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Patterns of Avian and Bat Mortality at a Utility-Scaled Wind Farm on the Southern High Plains Miller, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Scroby Sands Ornithological Monitoring: Assessing the impacts of the Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm upon Little Tern Sternula albifrons: summary of monitoring programme 2002-2006 ECON Ecological Consultancy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Fish
Kentish Flats Wind Farm Fifth Ornithological Monitoring Report Gill, J., Sales, D., Pinder, S., Salazar, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
How Ecofriendly are Wind Farms? Cohn, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Collision Effects of Wind-power Generators and Other Obstacles on Birds Drewitt, A., Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Full Scale Trial of High Definition Video Survey for Offshore Windfarm Sites Mellor, M., Maher, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Avian Issues for Offshore Wind Development Allison, T., Jedrey, E., Perkins, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Assessing the Cumulative Impacts of Wind Farms on Peatland Birds: A Case Study of Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria in Scotland Pearce-Higgins, J., Stephen, L., Langston, R., Bright, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Shorebirds
Wind & Wildlife Key Research Topics National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Wind Power Company Compliance with Mitigation Plans in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the Shiloh I Wind Power Project Solano County, California, Two Year Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L., Fischer, B., Hasch, A., Jain, A., Wilkerson, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Post-Construction Meteorological Tower Fatality Study at the Shiloh I Wind Project Site Solano County, California Final Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L., Fischer, B., Hasch, A., Wilkerson, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Turbine Search Methods and Carcass Removal Trials at the Braes of Doune Windfarm Duffy, K., Steward, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Adverse Impacts of Wind Power Generation on Collision Behaviour of Birds and Anti-Predator Behaviour of Squirrels Kikuchi, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Birds
Effect Studies Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee: Progress Report on Fluxes and Behaviour of Flying Birds Krijgsveld, K., Fijn, R., Heunks, C., van Horssen, P., de Fouw, J., Collier, M., Poot, M., Meesters, E., Dirksen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds
A Radar Study of Nocturnal Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Hatchet Ridge Wind Project, California, Fall 2007 Mabee, T., Sanzenbacher, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds, Bats
Bird Fatality Study at Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: October 2005 to September 2007 University of California Santa Cruz Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part I: Birds Blew, J., Hoffmann, M., Nehls, G., Hennig, V. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind-Farms OSPAR Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway: Status Report 1st January 2008 Bevanger, K., Follestad, A., Gjershaug, J., Halley, D., Hanssen, F., Johnsen, L., May, R., Nygård, T., Pedersen, H., Reitan, O., Steinheim, Y. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Intersectoral Assessment of Impacts on Seabirds: Baseline Report for a Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan for the Norwegian Sea Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Bustnes, J., Follestad, A., Systad, G., Eriksen, J., Lorentsen, S., Anker-Nilssen, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Puget Sound Energy Wild Horse Wind Facility Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring, First Annual Report: January - December 2007 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Poulton, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part II: Harbour porpoises Diederichs,A., Hennig, V., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals
Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Impacts of Wind Farms on Upland Habitats: The Environmental Cost of Scotland's Renewable Revolution The John Muir Trust Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Green Light For Nocturnally Migrating Birds Poot, H., Ens, B., De Vries, H., Donners, M., Marquenie, J., Wernand, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
The bird migration monitoring in the AES Geo Power Wind Park territory, Kaliakra region in autumn 2008 Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Sex-Based Mortality of Common Tern in Farm Collisions Stienen, E., Courtens, W., Everaert, J., Van de walle, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
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