Fact Sheet: A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions using Ecosystem-Based Management Values

Whale

In the context of land-based and offshore wind energy development, Risk-Based Management (RBM) examines the potential negative effects on birds, bats, terrestrial wildlife, marine mammals, other marine organisms and the habitats or migratory pathways that support them. RBM has the potential to ensure that wildlife protection measures are focused on the factors that pose the highest risks, while maximizing the production of energy.

The risk-based approach that most closely addresses aspects of the complex ecosystems that make up the landscapes/seascapes of wind energy development is Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). EBM includes effects of human activities as well as environmental and ecological factors, using approaches that embrace holistic methods to include human needs and effects in an integrated view for managing resources sustainably.

The Risk-Based Management Fact Sheet was created to provide a broad summary of the IEA Wind White Paper on A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: From identification to challenges in impact assessment and regulation Hengstmann, E., Corella, P., Alter, K., Belzunce-Segarra, M., Booth, A., Castro-Jimenéz, J., Czerner, N., De Cauwer, K., Deviller, G., Gomiero, A., Goseberg, N., Hasenbein, S., Kirchgeorg, T., Mason, C., Pape, W., Parmentier, K., Plaß, A., Pröfrock, D., Sarhadi, A., Vanavermaete, D., van der Molen, J., Vinagre, P., Wood, D., Weinberg, I., Windt, C., Zonderman, A., Kenyon, J., De Witte, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Predicting risk to bat species from wind turbine collision in Southeast Asia Crane, M., Silvia, I., Grainger, M., Gale, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales Indeck, K., Baumgartner, M., Lecavalier, L., Whoriskey, F., Durette-Morin, D., Pettigrew, N., McSweeney, J., Thorne, L., Gallagher, K., Edwards, C., Meyer-Gutbrod, E., Davies, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Evaluating Tools and Technologies for Monitoring Baleen Whales During Offshore Wind Foundation Installation Szesciorka, A., Severy, M., Ampela, K., Hein, C., Richlen, M., Haxel, J., Clerc, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Frameworks and best practices for cumulative impact accounting in offshore energy development Kuempel, C., Stockbridge, J., O'neil, T., Griffiths, L., Frid, C., Brown, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data
Spatial compatibility between emerging marine economies and existing uses in the exclusive economic zone of southern Brazil Medeiros, J., Weiss, C., Scherer, M., Gandra, T., Bonetti, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Harbour porpoise responses to the installation of XXL monopiles without noise abatement; implications for noise management in the Southern North Sea Benhemma-Le Gall, A., Hastie, G., Brown, A., Booth, C., Graham, I.M., Fernandez-Betelu, O., Iorio-Merlo, V., Bashford, R., Swanson, H., Cheney, B.J., Abad Oliva, N., Thompson, P.M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Offshore Wind Facts: Birds and Bats Special Initiative on Offshore Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds
The effect of offshore wind farms on the variation of the phytoplankton population Kordan, M., Yakan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Mitigation measures for preventing collision of birds with wind turbines Garcia-Rosa, P., Tande, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Recommendations for Evaluating the Use of Existing Baseline Observational Survey Data for Birds in Offshore Wind Site Characterization Processes for the U.S. Atlantic Avian Displacement Guidance Committee Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds
A management-focused population viability analysis for North Atlantic right whales Runge, M., Linden, D., Hostetler, J., Borggaard, D., Garrison, L., Knowlton, A., Lesage, V., Williams, R., Pace, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Consideration of avoidance behaviour of northern gannet (Morus bassanus) in collision risk modelling for offshore wind farm impact assessments (NECR512) Pavat, D., Harker, A., Humphries, G., Keogan, K., Webb, A., Macleod, K. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea Ma, C., Stelzenmüller, V., Rehren, J., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, H., Lin, L., Yang, H., Jin, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Vulnerability Index to Scale Effects of Offshore Renewable Energy on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Off the U.S. West Coast (VIMMS) Southall, B., Mazurek, R., Eriksen, R. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Co-designing a multi-criteria approach to ranking hazards to and from Australia’s emerging offshore blue economy Turschwell, M. P., Brown, C., Lacharite, M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Hayes, K., Bustamante, R., Dambacher, J., Evans, K., Fidelman, P., MacDonald, D. H., Putten, I. V., Wood, G., Abdussamie, N., Bates, M., Blackwell, D., D'Alessandro, S., Dutton, I., Ericson, J., Frid, C., McDougall, C., Fulton, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Mintz, J., Nygård, T., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Beacon Wind Project: Beacon Wind 1 and Beacon Wind 2 Construction and Operations Plan AECOM Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing potential conflicts between offshore wind farms and migration patterns of a threatened shorebird species Schwemmer, P., Pederson, R., Haecker, K., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Mercker, M., Jiguet, F., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Technology Gaps for Bird Monitoring in Relation to Offshore Wind Energy Development Courbis, S., Etter, H., Pacini, A., Campoblanco, F., Williams, K., Stepanuk, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Geo-Data Engagement – A Systems Thinking Approach to Advancing Offshore Wind Farm Development in the US Rovang, K., Hargrave, D., Pallestrant, J., Earl, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
HABITAT USE AND INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELING OF BALD EAGLES IN MAINE NEAR CURRENT AND POTENTIAL WIND ENERGY FACILITIES Massey, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
U.S. Pacific Coast Workshop Report on Preconstruction Research Recommendations Green, R., Severy, M., Hein, C., Farr, H., Oteri, F. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Evaluation of a coastal acoustic buoy for cetacean detections, bearing accuracy and exclusion zone monitoring Palmer, K. , Tabbutt, S., Gillespie, D., Turner, J., King, P., Tollit, D., Thompson, J., Wood, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Sunrise Wind COP Appendix P2: Post-construction Avian and Bat Monitoring Framework Wing Goodale, M., Gilbert, A., Stenhouse, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Sunrise Wind Construction and Operations Plan Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Detection of Habitat Shifts of Cetacean Species: A Comparison Between 2010 and 2017 Habitat Suitability Conditions in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean Chavez-Rosales, S., Josephson, E., Palka, D., Garrison, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Convergence of emerging technologies: development of a risk-based paradigm for marine mammal monitoring for offshore wind energy operations Macrander, A., Brzuzy, L., Raghukumar, K., Preziosi, D., Jones, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Review of fish and fisheries research to inform ScotMER evidence gaps and future strategic research in the UK Xoubanova, S., Lawrence, Z. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast Rockwood, R., Salas, L., Howar, J., Nur, N., Jahncke, J. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Post-construction Monitoring Study for the Bitter Ridge Wind Farm Jay County, Indiana Murray, K., Voorhees, L., Pickle, J., DiDonato, G. Report Wind Energy Collision
Wind turbine blade wastes and the environmental impacts in Canada Heng, H., Meng, F., McKechnie, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Floating Offshore Wind and Fishing Interaction Roadmap Eatough, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan Ørsted, Eversource Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Fishing within offshore wind farms in the North Sea: Stakeholder perspectives for multi-use from Scotland and Germany Schupp, M., Kafas, A., Buck, B., Krause, G., Onyango, V., Stelzenmüller, V., Davies, I., Scott, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Tracking Movements of Migratory Shorebirds in the U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Region Loring, P., Lenske, A., McLaren, D., Aikens, M., Anderson, A., Aubry, Y., Dalton, E., Dey, A., Friis, C., Hamilton, D., Holberton, R., Kriensky, D., Mizrahi, D., Niles, L., Parkins, K., Paquet, J., Sanders, F., Smith, A., Turcotte, Y., Vitz, A., Smith, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Shorebirds
Assessing movements of birds using digitally-coded VHF transmitters: A validation study Paton, P., Cooper-Mullin, C., Kouhi, S., Loring, P., Moore, J., Miller, J., Potty, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance: Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Müller, S., Markones, N., Mercker, M., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values Copping, A., Gorton, A., May, R., Bennet, F., DeGeorge, E., Goncalves, M., Rumes, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
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