Fact Sheet: A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions using Ecosystem-Based Management Values

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In the context of land-based and offshore wind energy development, Risk-Based Management (RBM) examines the potential negative effects on birds, bats, terrestrial wildlife, marine mammals, other marine organisms and the habitats or migratory pathways that support them. RBM has the potential to ensure that wildlife protection measures are focused on the factors that pose the highest risks, while maximizing the production of energy.

The risk-based approach that most closely addresses aspects of the complex ecosystems that make up the landscapes/seascapes of wind energy development is Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). EBM includes effects of human activities as well as environmental and ecological factors, using approaches that embrace holistic methods to include human needs and effects in an integrated view for managing resources sustainably.

The Risk-Based Management Fact Sheet was created to provide a broad summary of the IEA Wind White Paper on A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
IEA Wind White Paper on A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values Copping, A., Gorton, A., May, R., Bennet, F., de George, E., Goncalves, M., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy
National wind wildlife research plan, 2020-2023 American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Ecological Risk Assessment of Underwater Sounds from Dredging Operations McQueen, A., Suedel, B., de Jong, C., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
“Seas of risk”: Assessing the threats to colonial-nesting seabirds in Eastern Canada Lieske, D., Tranquilla, L., Ronconi, R., Abbott, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Can multi-use of the sea be safe? A framework for risk assessment of multi-use at sea van Hoof, L., van den Burg, S., Banach, J., Rockmann, C., Goossen, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Assessment of the Influence of Offshore Wind Farms on Ship Traffic Flow Based on AIS Data Yu, Q., Liu, K., Teixeira, A., Soares, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Navigation
Validation of a bird radar system: A guidance document Beuker, D., Bravo Rebolledo, E., Gyimesi, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Synopsis of Research Programs that can Provide Baseline and Monitoring Information for Offshore Energy Activities in the Pacific Region: Seabird and Marine Mammal Surveys in the Pacific Region Adams, J., Lafferty, K., Kelsey, E., Johnston, C. Report Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Is wind energy increasing the impact of socio-ecological change on Mediterranean mountain ecosystems? Insights from a modelling study relating wind power boost options with a declining species Ferreira, D., Freixo, C., Cabral, J., Santos, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines
Social construction of risk in non-conventional renewable energy: Risk perception as a function of ecosystem services in La Araucanía, Chile Cordoves-Sánchez, M., Vallejos-Romero, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Effects of impulsive noise on marine mammals: investigating range‐dependent risk Hastie, G., Merchant, N., Götz, T., Russell, D., Thompson, P., Janik, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Considerations for Upscaling Individual Effects of Wind Energy Development Towards Population-Level Impacts on Wildlife May, R., Masden, E., Bennet, F., Perron, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Assessment of Potential Risks from Renewable Energy Development and Other Anthropogenic Factors to Wintering Golden Eagles in the Western United States Craig, E. , Fuller, Mark., Craig, T., Huettmann, F. Book Chapter Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Evaluating a Commercial-Ready Technology for Raptor Detection and Deterrence at a Wind Energy Facility in California Terrill, S., Howell, J., Smith, J., Zirpoli, J., Wolf, K., Lindke, K., Watt, S. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Understanding Marine Mammal Presence in the Virginia Offshore Wind Energy Area Salisbury, D., Estabrook, B., Klinck, H., Rice, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Wind Energy and Bat Conservation - A Review by the Canadian Wind Energy Association Barnes, R., Hill, M., Peters, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Golden Eagle Conservation Plan for the Ocotillo Wind Energy Facility Ocotillo Express Guidance Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix Q: Avian and Bat Risk Assessment Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Seabirds
Marine Noise Budgets in Practice Merchant, N., Faulkner, R., Martinez, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Hornsea Project Three Offshore Wind Farm RPS group Website Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
New Creek Wind Project 2017 Post-construction Monitoring Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Handbook on Marine Environment Protection: Science, Impacts, and Sustainable Management Salomon, M., Markus, T. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Biodiversity and Wind Farms in Portugal: Current Knowledge and Insights for an Integrated Impact Assessment Process Mascarenhas, M., Marques, A., Ramalho, R., Santos, D., Bernardino, J., Fonseca, C. Book Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Spatial Demographic Models to Inform Conservation Planning of Golden Eagles in Renewable Energy Landscapes Wiens, J., Schumaker, N., Inman, R., Esque, T., Longshore, K., Nussear, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Proceedings of the Wind-Wildlife Research Meeting XI Schwartz, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision
Telemetry for migratory bats - a feasibility study Lagerveld, S., Janssen, R., Manshanden, J., Haarsma, A., Vries, S., Brabant, R., Scholl, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats
Appendix I Aquatic Ecological Resource Characterization and Impact Assessment LimnoTech Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Wind Energy and Wildlife Interactions Köppel, J. Book Wind Energy
Tafila Region Wind Power Projects: Cumulative Effects Assessment International Finance Corporation (IFC) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Progress in Renewable Energies Offshore Soares, C. Book Marine Energy, OTEC, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Legal feasibility of implementing a risk-based approach to MRE consenting and compatibility with Natura 2000 network Le Lièvre, C., O'Hagan, A., Culloch, R., Bennet, F., Broadbent, I. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Role of Benthic Habitat Distribution Data in Coastal Water Wind Turbine Site Selection Sahla, M., Kalliola, R., Haldin, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Final Report Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Bird Fatality Study, Monitoring Years 2005–2013 ICF International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Prioritizing Avian Species for Their Risk of Population Level Consequences from Wind Energy Development Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Loss, S., Johnson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Data to Decision in a Dynamic Ocean: Robust Species Distribution Models and Spatial Decision Frameworks Halpin, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Recreation & Tourism
Assessing local population vulnerability with branching process models: an application to wind energy development Erickson, R., Eager, E., Stanton, J., Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Thogmartin, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
A framework for decision points to trigger adaptive management actions in long-term incidental take permits Dalthorp, D., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
North Atlantic right whale occurrence near wind energy areas along the mid-Atlantic US coast: implications for management Hodge, K., Muirhead, C., Morano, J., Clark, C., Rice, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Landscapes for Energy and Wildlife: Conservation Prioritization for Golden Eagles across Large Spatial Scales Tack, J., Fedy, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Repowering Smøla Wind-Power Plant: An Assessment of Avian Conflicts Dahl, E., May, R., Nygård, T., Åström, J., Diserud, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
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