Collision

Direct contact between an animal and a device component.

Any part of a renewable energy device that moves has the potential to have a deleterious effect on both resident and migratory organisms. Collisions between animals and tidal or wind turbine blades could result in injury or death, either by direct contact with the device or by pressure changes created around the moving parts. The probability of a collision with a blade may vary based on the rotational or mechanical speed of the moving parts, the presence and density of animals in the area, the time of day, weather conditions, and the ability of animals to sense and evade the device. Carcasses found around land-based wind turbines provide an estimate of bird and bat fatalities, while it is much more difficult to estimate the effect of collisions with offshore wind turbines. To date there have been no observed collisions of marine mammals or diving seabirds with tidal turbines. Wave energy devices also have moving parts such as heave plates, flaps, and other large heavy components that could potentially cause harm, although the likelihood is thought to be extremely small. Collisions resulting in injury and death of individual animals with moving parts of devices become particularly important if the loss of those individuals affect the stability and sustainability of the population in the area.

For more information relevant to marine energy, check out the Collision Risk Short Science Summary produced by OES-Environmental.

For more information relevant to offshore wind energy, check out the Bat and Bird Interactions with Offshore Wind Energy research brief produced by SEER.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 1442
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Birds and Wind Projects Across the Pond: A UK Perspective Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Habitat Utilization in White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the Displacement Impact of the Smøla Wind-Power Plant May, R., Nygård, T., Dahl, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
A Description of the Biosis Model to Assess Risk of Bird Collisions with Wind Turbines Smales, I., Muir, S., Meredith, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Modeling Carcass Removal Time for Avian Mortality Assessment in Wind Farms Using Survival Analysis Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Avian and Bat Assessment at the Lewes Wind Turbine University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean and Environment Buler, J., Horton, K., Shriver, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Hatchet Ridge Wind Farm Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Year Two Annual Report Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A Synthesis of Operational Mitigation Studies to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America Arnett, E., Johnson, G., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Relating Pre-Construction Bat Activity and Post-Construction Bat Fatality to Predict Risk at Wind Energy Facilities: A Synthesis Hein, C., Gruver, J., Arnett, E. Report Collision Bats
Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm Volume 2: ES Biological Environment Dong Energy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Post-Construction Avian Mortality Monitoring at Project West Wind Bull, L., Fuller, S., Sim, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian Collisions at Two Wind Farms in Tasmania, Australia: Taxonomic and Ecological Characteristics of Colliders Versus Non-Colliders Hull, C., Stark, E., Peruzzo, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
The New Zealand Falcon and Wind Farms: A Risk Assessment Framework Seaton, R., Barea, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Pilot study Bat activity in the dutch offshore wind farm OWEZ and PAWP Poerink, B., Lagerveld, S., Verdaat, H. Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Optimizing Wind Power Generation while Minimizing Wildlife Impacts in an Urban Area Bohrer, G., Zhu, K., Jones, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Calculation of Wind Farm Production Losses via MERRA Data in Consequence of Bat Based Temporary Wind Turbine Shut Downs Raabe, J., Schorer, T., Junge, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Response to Huso and Erickson's Comments on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Smallwood, K., Bell, D., Karas, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Improving Methods for Estimating Fatality of Birds and Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Warren-Hicks, W., Newman, J., Wolpert, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Chirotech, Six years of research (2006 – 2012) Rico, P., Lagrange, H., Ughetto, A. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Bat Evaluation Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm Benton County, Indiana Good, R., Sonnenberg, M., Simon, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Avian Collision Threat Assessment at 'Bhambarwadi Wind Farm Plateau' in Northern Western Ghats, India Pande, S., Padhye, A., Deshpande, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Discrimination Between Parametric Survival Models for Removal Times of Bird Carcasses in Scavenger Removal Trials at Wind Turbines Sites Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Nations, C., Lout, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates Huso, M., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Argyll Array Windfarm Basking Shark Draft Chapter for Environmental Statement Booth, C., King, S., Lacey, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Marine Mammals
A synthesis of human-related avian mortality in Canada Calvert, A., Bishop, C., Elliot, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Using Species Distribution Modelling to Predict Bat Fatality Risk at Wind Farms Santos, H., Rodrigues, L., Jones, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Bats
FatalityCMR - Capture-Recapture Software to Correct Raw Counts of Wildlife Fatalities using Trial Experiments for Carcass Detection Probability and Persistence Time Peron, G., Hines, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision
Species distribution models and wind farm developments Carrete, M., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Benitez, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Mortalities at Wind Energy Facilities in the Contiguous United States Pagel, J., Kritz, K., Millsap, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Canadian Estimate of Bird Mortality Due to Collisions and Direct Habitat Loss Associated with Wind Turbine Developments Zimmerling, J., Pomeroy, A., d'Entremont, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Bird Monitoring at Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea - Assessing Seabird Displacement Effects Vanermen, N., Stienen, E., Courtens, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
The Avian Benefits of Wind Energy: A 2009 Update Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Will Ocean Energy Harm Marine Ecosystems? Hammar, L. Research Study Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Flight Paths of Migrating Golden Eagles and the Risk Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Rocky Mountains Johnson, N., Bradley, J., Pomeroy, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Noctule Bats and Wind Turbines Burrows, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Modelling Foraging Strategies in High Energy Environments (FORSITE) Chimienti, M., Bartoń, K., Scott, B. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Proceedings of the Wind-Wildlife Research Meeting IX PNWWRM IX Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Migratory Stopover of Songbirds in the Western Lake Erie Basin Johnson, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities Hayes, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
An Analytical Impact Assessment Framework for Wildlife to Inform the Siting and Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities Schwartz, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
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