Short Science Summary: Raptor Monitoring and Minimization Technologies

Hawk

In June 2023, the International Energy Agency Wind Task 34—Working Together to Resolve the Environmental Effects of Wind Energy (WREN)—organized a forum to discuss monitoring and minimization strategies used to study raptor interactions with wind energy facilities. The forum included experts in raptor movement and behavior, minimization measures, technology validation, and wind energy development from four countries. The experts represented a range of international stakeholder groups including private industry, financial institutions, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and wildlife consultants. This educational brief summarizes the discussion during the forum and written comments from additional participants who could not attend the live event. Relevant literature was used to provide additional context when needed.

Raptor Monitoring and Minimization Technologies

 

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Demographic and potential biological removal models identify raptor species sensitive to current and future wind energy Diffendorfer, J., Stanton, J., Beston, J., Thogmartin, W., Loss, S., Katzner, T., Johnson, D., Erickson, R., Merrill, M., Corum, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A pathway for citizen science data to inform policy: A case study using eBird data for defining low-risk collision areas for wind energy development Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Bjerre, E., Otto, M., Zimmerman, S., Millsap, B., Fink, D., Stuber, E., Strimas-Mackey, M., Robinson, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Adaptive management to improve eagle conservation at terrestrial wind facilities New, L., Simonis, J., Otto, M., Bjerre, E., Runge, M., Millsap, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Quantifying Turbine-Level Risk to Golden Eagles Using a High-Fidelity Updraft Model and a Stochastic Behavioral Model Tripp, C., Sandhu, R., Lawson, M., Quon, E., Thedin, R., Draxl, C., Farmer, C., Katzner, T., Straw, B. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A predictive model for improving placement of wind turbines to minimise collision risk potential for a large soaring raptor Murgatroyd, M., Bouten, W., Amar, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Predicting Bald Eagle Collision at Wind Energy Facilities Nasman, K., Bay, K., Mattson, T., Leckband, J., Becker, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
U.S. Geological Survey Migratory Bird Science, 2020–21 Pearse, A., Sherfy, M., Wimer, M., Khalil, M., Wiltermuth, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Physical Environment
Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines McClure, C., Rolek, B., Dunn, L., McCabe, J., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Mesoscale Modeling to Characterize Eagle Soaring Habitat Draxl, C., Lawson, M., Farmer, C., Katzner, T., Quon, E., Sandhu, R., Thedin, R., Tripp, C. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Atmospheric Modeling to Enable Prediction of Golden Eagle Interactions with Wind Power Plants Quon, E., Lawson, M., Tripp, C., Draxl, C., Sandhu, R., Thedin, R. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Use of Upland and Riparian Areas by Wintering Bald Eagles and Implications for Wind Energy Schmuecker, S., Becker, D., Lanzone, M., Fogg, B., Romano, S., Katzner, T., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities May, R., Nygård, T., Falkdalen, U., Åström, J., Hamre, Ø., Stokke, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Sex- but not age-biased wind turbine collision mortality in the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Heuck, C., Herrmann, C., Wendt, J., Krone, O., Brandl, R., Albrecht, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Unpacking the eagle collision risk model: practical guidance for wind energy Evans, M., Sporer, M., Erickson, W., Pagel, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
High-Resolution Modeling of Uplift Landscapes can Inform Micrositing of Wind Turbines for Soaring Raptors Hanssen, F., May, R., Nygård, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Identifying Birds' Collision Risk with Wind Turbines Using a Multidimensional Utilization Distribution Method Khosravifard, S., Skidmore, A., Naimi, B., Venus, V., Muñoz, A., Toxopeus, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Using radar technology to assess visual monitoring accuracy of Cape Vulture movements Becker, F., Millikin, R., Leslie, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Landscape anthropization shapes the survival of a top avian scavenger Arrondo, E., Sanz-Aguilar, A., Perez-Garcia, J., Cortes-Avizanda, A., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Donazar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Predicting strike susceptibility and collision patterns of the common buzzard at wind turbine structures in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany Bose, A., Durr, T., Klenke, R., Henle, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Collision risk of Montagu's Harriers Circus pygargus with wind turbines derived from high‐resolution GPS tracking Schaub, T., Klaassen, R., Bouten, W., Schlaich, A., Koks, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wind turbines in high quality habitat cause disproportionate increases in collision mortality of the white-tailed eagle Heuck, C., Herrmann, C., Levers, C., Leitão, P., Krone, O., Brandl, R., Albrecht, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Assess risk of individual turbines to Golden Eagles Miller, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Review of Raptor Sections of the Bluestone Wind Avian Risk Assessment Miller, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection Chabot, E., Slater, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Developing an efficient protocol for monitoring eagle fatalities at wind energy facilities Hallingstad, E., Rabie, P., Telander, A., Roppe, J., Nagy, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Potential biological removal of white-tailed eagles and its application to environmental impact assessment for wind farms in Japan Matsuda, H., Tani, K., Shimada, Y. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Raptor Interactions with Wind Energy: Case Studies from Around the World Watson, R., Kolar, P., Ferrer, M., Nygård, T., Johnston, N., Hunt, W., Smit-Robinson, H., Farmer, C., Huso, M., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor Peron, G., Fleming, C., Duriez, O., Fluhr, J., Itty, C., Lambertucci, S., Safi, K., Shepard, E., Calabrese, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
Telemetric Monitoring of Montagu’s Harrier in Schleswig-Holstein Grajetzky, B., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Collision Victims and Lattice Towers - Frequency of Collision, Breeding Population and Breeding Success of Birds of Prey in Two Wind Farms in Brandenburg Durr, T., Rasran, L. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Distances Between Breeding Sites and White-Tailed Sea Eagles Found Dead Near Wind Turbines in Schleswig-Holstein Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Satellite Tracking of White-Tailed Sea Eagles in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg Krone, O., Treu, G., Grunkorn, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Calculation of the Probability of a Collision of Territorial Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines Rasran, L., Grajetzky, B., Mammen, U. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Collisions of Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines - Analysis of the Circumstances Rasran, L., Durr, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Effects of Individuals Lost Due to Wind Turbines on the Time of Occupying a Territory, the Survival of Breeding Territories and the Breeding Success of White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Case Studies) Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Golden Eagle Fatalities and the Continental-Scale Consequences of Local Wind-Energy Generation Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Braham, M., Doyle, J., Fernandez, N., Duerr, A., Bloom, P., Fitzpatrick, M., Miller, T., Culver, R., Braswell, L., DeWoody, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Quantifying the Demographic Cost of Human-Related Mortality to a Raptor Population Hunt, W., Wiens, J., Law, P., Fuller, M., Hunt, T., Driscoll, D., Jackman, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
A balanced solution to the cumulative threat of industrialized wind farm development on cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Predicting Eagle Fatalities at Wind Facilities Bay, K., Nasman, K., Erickson, W., Taylor, K., Kosciuch, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Wind Energy Industry Eagle Detection and Deterrents: Research Gaps and Solutions Workshop Summary Report Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
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