Short Science Summary: Harbor Porpoises and Offshore Wind Energy

Harbor Porpoise

Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are a small and abundant cetacean species. Found throughout the temperate and subarctic waters of the northern hemisphere, they prefer shallow, coastal waters, and feed near the bottom on small fish, squid, and crustaceans. Most concerns about offshore wind energy and Harbor porpoises are associated with construction activities, particularly if pile driving is required to install turbine foundations. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Methodology for Combining Digital Aerial Survey Data and Passive Acoustic Baseline Data Harris, D., Chudzinska, M., Jacobson, E., Brown, A., Burt, L., Macleod, K., Marques, T., Marshall, L., Oedekoven, C., Scott-Hayward, L., Thomas, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Harbour porpoise responses to the installation of XXL monopiles without noise abatement; implications for noise management in the Southern North Sea Benhemma-Le Gall, A., Hastie, G., Brown, A., Booth, C., Graham, I.M., Fernandez-Betelu, O., Iorio-Merlo, V., Bashford, R., Swanson, H., Cheney, B.J., Abad Oliva, N., Thompson, P.M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Vessel noise prior to pile driving at offshore windfarm sites deters harbour porpoises from potential injury zones Gall, A., Thompson, P., Merchant, N., Graham, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Further development of marine mammal dynamic energy budgets models for application to environmental assessments and integration into the iPCoD framework Harwood, J., Chudzinska, M., Booth, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Acoustic ecology of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) between two U.S. offshore wind energy areas Holdman, A., Tregenza, N., Van Parijs, S., DeAngelis, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Establishing baselines for predicting change in ambient sound metrics, marine mammal, and vessel occurrence within a US offshore wind energy area Van Parijs, S., DeAngelis, A., Aldrich, T., Gordon, R., Holdman, A., McCordic, J., Mouy, X., Rowell, T., Tennant, S., Westell, A., Davis, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Indo-Pacific finless porpoises presence in response to pile driving on the Jinwan Offshore Wind Farm, China Fang, L., Li, M., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Chen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Offshore construction using gravity-base foundations indicates no long-term impacts on dolphins and harbour porpoise Potlock, K., Temple, A., Berggren, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Spatial Impact of Wind Farm Construction on Harbor Porpoise Detectability van Geel, N., Benjamins, S., Marmo, B., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Wittich, A., Risch, D., Jameson, D., Todd, I., Cox, S., Wilson, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Characterisation of underwater operational noise of two types of floating offshore wind turbines Risch, D., Favill, G., Marmo, B., van Geel, N., Benjamins, S., Thompson, P., Wittich, A., Wilson, B. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Response of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) to different types of acoustic harassment devices and subsequent piling during the construction of offshore wind farms Voß, J., Rose, A., Kosarev, V., Vilela, R., van Opzeeland, I., Diederichs, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Directional hydrophone clusters reveal evasive responses of small cetaceans to disturbance during construction at offshore windfarms Graham, I., Gillespie, D., Gkikopoulou, K., Hastie, G., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Getting ready for offshore wind farm expansion in the North Sea Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Literature Review on Barrier Effects, Ghost Fishing, and Electromagnetic Fields for Floating Windfarms Williamson, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, EMF, Entanglement Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Reef effect of offshore structures on the occurrence and foraging activity of harbour porpoises Fernandez-Betelu, O., Graham, I., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Comparing distribution of harbour porpoise using generalized additive models and hierarchical Bayesian models with integrated nested laplace approximation Williamson, L., Scott, B., Laxton, M., Illian, J., Todd, V., Miller, P., Brookes, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Hywind Scotland Floating Offshore Wind Farm: Sound Source Characterisation of Operational Floating Turbines Burns, R., Martin, S., Wood, M., Wilson, C., Lumsden, C., Pace, F. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Behavioral Responses of a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Depend on the Frequency Content of Pile-Driving Sounds Kastelein, R., Jong, C., Tougaard, J., Helder-Hoek, L., Defillet, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects 2021(KEC 4.0) – marine mammals Heinis, F., de Jong, C., von Benda-Beckmann, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Attraction, avoidance and habitat use at various spatial scales Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Bayesian network modelling provides spatial and temporal understanding of ecosystem dynamics within shallow shelf seas Trifonova, N., Scott, B., De Dominicis, M., Waggitt, J., Wolf, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Masking release at 4 kHz in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) associated with sinusoidal amplitude-modulated masking noise Kastelein, R., Helder-Hoek, L., Covi, J., Terhune, J., Klump, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Modeling Small Scale Impacts of Multi-Purpose Platforms: An Ecosystem Approach Serpetti, N., Benjamins, S., Brain, S., Collu, M., Harvey, B., Heymans, J., Hughes, A., Risch, D., Rosinski, S., Waggitt, J., Wilson, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Broad-Scale Responses of Harbor Porpoises to Pile-Driving and Vessel Activities During Offshore Windfarm Construction Benhemma-Le Gall, A., Graham, I., Merchant, N., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions
Construction Marine Mammal Monitoring Programme Fieldwork Report 2020 Graham, I.M., Cheney, B.J., Hewitt, R.C., Barton, T.R., Thompson, P.M. Report Wind Energy Marine Mammals
Agent-based models to investigate sound impact on marine animals: bridging the gap between effects on individual behaviour and population level consequences Mortensen, L., Chudzinska, M., Slabbekoorn, H., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Response of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L., 1758) to the FaunaGuard and subsequent piling during the construction of offshore wind farms Voß, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Review Of Demographic Parameters And Sensitivity Analysis To Inform Inputs And Outputs Of Population Consequences Of Disturbance Assessments For Marine Mammals Sinclair, R., Sparling, C., Harwood, J. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Effects of multiple exposures to pile driving noise on harbor porpoise hearing during simulated flights—An evaluation tool Schaffeld, T., Schnitzler, J., Ruser, A., Woelfing, B., Baltzer, J., Siebert, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Reaction to a 3D Seismic Airgun Survey in the North Sea Sarnocinska, J., Teilmann, J., Balle, J., van Beest, F., Delefosse, M., Tougaard, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
The use of seal scarers as a protective mitigation measure can induce hearing impairment in harbour porpoises Schaffeld, T., Ruser, A., Woelfing, B., Baltzer, J., Kristensen, H., Larsson, J., Schnitzler, J., Siebert, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Effect of Pile-Driving Playback Sound Level on Fish-Catching Efficiency in Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Kastelein, R., Huijser, L., Cornelisse, S., Helder-Hoek, L., Jennings, N., de Jong, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Assessment of Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Facilities on the Marine Environment Müller, A., Juretzek, C., Boethling, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Legal & Policy
Determining the impact of pile-driving activity on the spatio-temporal distribution of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Piesinger, G. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Harbour porpoise responses to pile-driving diminish over time Graham, I., Merchant, N., Farcas, A., Barton, T., Cheney, B., Bono, S., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Effects of noise-mitigated offshore pile driving on harbour porpoise abundance in the German Bight 2014-2016 (Gescha 2) Rose, A., Brandt, M., Vilela, R., Diederichs, A., Schubert, A., Kosarev, V., Nehls, G., Volkenandt, M., Wahl, V., Michalik, A., Wendeln, H., Freund, A., Ketzer, C., Limmer, B., Laczny, M., Piper, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Effect of impact pile driving noise on marine mammals: A comparison of different noise exposure criteria Stober, U., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix P2: Animal Exposure Modelling Denes, S., Weirathmueller, M., Zeddies, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Noise affects porpoise click detections – the magnitude of the effect depends on logger type and detection filter settings Clausen, K., Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Delefosse, M., Teilmann, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals
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