Abstract
This paper aims to illustrate the importance of the design phase for offshore wind turbines in order to meet biodiversity and circularity objectives . In addition, we aim to provide an initial analysis regarding life span extension and standardisations as aspects to focus on during the design phase for new offshore wind turbines to ensure positive effects on underwater nature and circularity. To do this, we introduce policy principles with a focus on sustainable decommissioning, life span extension and standardisation. This paper considers the implications of the decommissioning of offshore windfarms built with monopiles. The turbine and associated infrastructure within the wind farm such as inter-array cables and offshore transformer substations for electricity transport are included . Geographically, we focus on the North Sea and Baltic Sea areas. Gravity-based foundations, floating wind, onshore wind farms and oil and gas assets are beyond the scope of this paper. In Chapter 2, we discuss the relationship between life span extension and standardisation with sustainable decommissioning. We introduce strategies for life span extension and argue that the monitoring of standards is essential for gathering knowledge on the effectiveness and possible side-effects of standards. In Chapter 3, we explore policy principles regarding life span extension and standardisation in more depth. This is followed by a set of recommendations for policy-makers in Chapter 4.