Abstract
The main aim of this part of the WOZEP programme was to elucidate and address gaps in the knowledge on the effects of implementation of offshore wind energy generation on environmental targets for indicator species with a high conservation status. When the project started, such indicators included (sea)birds, sea mammals, sharks and rays. A synthesis of the project results is provided by Van Duren et al. (2021).
The project was separated into a 'bottom-up' and a 'top-down' approach, where the former addressed the physical and biogeochemical elements of the system up to phytoplankton, and the latter proposed an approach for top predators to assesses their potential vulnerability for changes in bottom-up food web relationships that could be provoked by offshore wind farms.