The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offshore Wind Energy in Canada: Charting an Ecologically Sustainable Future from International Law and Policy Coordinates and State Practices | Alikhani, M. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
| Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies | Sun, P.; Jiang, Z.; Chen, Y.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy in the Gulf of Mexico: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs [Booklet] | Severy, M.; Farr, H.; Richlen, M.; et al. | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities | McKenna, R.; Lilliestam, J.; Heinrichs, H.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts | |
| Floating Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure | Nielsen, K.; Robertson, B.; Sierman, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| Developing the Offshore Wind that Birds Need | Seavy, N.; Wojcicki, S.; Madden, A.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| NMFS West Coast Offshore Wind Energy Strategic Science Plan | National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Avoidance & Minimisation of Environmental Impacts from Offshore Wind & Grid Infrastructure | Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| Advancing Nature Inclusive Offshore Renewable Energy Solutions Conference | Dutch Marine Energy Centre | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Options for biodiversity-friendly designs and approaches for offshore wind farms in Ireland | BlueWise Marine | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| Technology Gaps for Monitoring Birds and Marine Mammals at Offshore Wind Facilities | Courbis, S.; Williams, K.; Stepanuk, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Marine Mammals | |
| Evaluating the Impacts of Offshore Wind Development on Marine Ecosystems | King, C. | Thesis | Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Department of the Interior (DOI) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| Commercial Wind Lease Issuance on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf, Offshore Oregon Final Environmental Assessment | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); US Army Corps of Engineers; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Collaboration for Environmental Mitigation and Nature Inclusive Design (CEMNID) | Xodus Group; The Rich North Sea - De Rijke Noordzee | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
| Assessing environmental impacts of offshore wind farms: lessons learned and recommendations for the future [E3S] | Rahman, F.; Kumar, P. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Chemicals, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment | |
| Environmental impacts from large-scale offshore renewable-energy deployment | Ouro, P.; Fernandez, R.; Armstrong, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport | |
| A review on the interactions between engineering and marine life: key information for engineering professionals | Dobson, T.; Lenchine, V.; Bainbridge, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Offshore Wind Facts: Birds and Bats | Special Initiative on Offshore Wind | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
| Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm Annual Report 2023 | Magnus, D. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality | |
| Grand Challenges Revisited: Wind Energy Research Needs for a Global Energy Transition | Veers, P.; Dykes, K.; Baranowski, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts | |
| Exploration of potential collaboration on preventive, mitigation and compensation measures | van der Kamp, M.; Brekelmans, M.; Verweij, L. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: Discussion Paper on the Challenges and Potential Opportunities Around the Colocation of Offshore Wind Energy with Marine Protected Areas | Stephenson, P. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future | Soukissian, T.; O’Hagan, A-M.; Azzellino, A.; et al. | Report | Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data | |
| Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm Annual Report 2022 | Magnus, D. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Anholt Offshore Windfarm - Stabilisation of Cable Protection Systems and Cables at Scour Protected Monopile Locations and the Offshore Substation | Grindlay, S.; Fischer, G. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| Potential biological impacts of very low frequency acoustical energy produced by offshore wind turbine energy generation | Stocker, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Getting ready for offshore wind farm expansion in the North Sea | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs | SEER; Green, R.; Hein, C.; et al. | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles | |
| International assessment of priority environmental issues for land-based and offshore wind energy development | Green, R.; Gill, E.; Hein, C.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| Powering Healthy Seas: Accelerating Nature Positive Offshore Wind | Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Wind energy in the city: Hong Kong’s offshore wind energy generation potential, deployment plans, and ecological pitfalls | Delina, L. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions | |
| Environmental Impact of Solar and Wind energy- A Review | Hamed, T.; Alshare, A. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| A risk-based method to prioritize cumulative impacts assessment on marine biodiversity and research policy for offshore wind farms in France | Brignon, J.; Lejart, M.; Nexer, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| Underwater Noise Effects on Marine Life Associated with Offshore Wind Farms | SEER | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Attraction, avoidance and habitat use at various spatial scales | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| Wozep midterm evaluation 2021 | Odinga, J.; Barbé, D.; van Mastrigt, A.; et al. | Report | Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy | |
| A Review of Biodiversity Data Needs and Monitoring Protocols for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in the Baltic Sea and North Sea | Stephenson, P. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality | |
| A roadmap towards quantitative cumulative impact assessments: Every step of the way | Piet, G.; Tamis, J.; Volwater, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Noise | Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | |
| Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations (2021 Revision) | Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Reptiles | |
| Environmental impacts of offshore wind installation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning activities: A case study of Brazil | Hernández Carrascal, O.; Shadman, M.; Amiri, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| Spatial and temporal analysis of cumulative environmental effects of offshore wind farms in the North Sea basin | Gusatu, L.; Menegon, S.; Depellegrin, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | |
| South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan | Ørsted; Eversource | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea | Zburlea, L.; Rusu, E. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects | HT Harvey and Associates | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations | Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Reptiles | |
| The State of the Science on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy Development: Workshop Proceedings | Gulka, J.; Williams, K. | Workshop Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
| Ecological impact of decommissioning offshore wind farms | Teunis, M.; Collier, M.; Bakker, E.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Empirical Evidence Inspiring Priority Monitoring, Research and Management | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment | |
| Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 4. Offshore: Monitoring and Mitigation | Perrow, M. | Book | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning |
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