The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offshore Wind Energy in Canada: Charting an Ecologically Sustainable Future from International Law and Policy Coordinates and State Practices | Alikhani, M. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
| Offshore wind development in the Great Lakes: challenges, resources and technical solutions | Javaherian, M.; Wang, A.; Hall, L.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data | ||
| Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy in the Gulf of Mexico: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs [Booklet] | Severy, M.; Farr, H.; Richlen, M.; et al. | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| Floating Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure | Nielsen, K.; Robertson, B.; Sierman, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| Scenarios for Replacing Conventional Energy With Offshore Renewable Energy Along the Central California Coast | Ruttenberg, B.; Wang, Y. ; Walter, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Options for biodiversity-friendly designs and approaches for offshore wind farms in Ireland | BlueWise Marine | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| Evaluating the Impacts of Offshore Wind Development on Marine Ecosystems | King, C. | Thesis | Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| Integrated Environmental & Social Sensitivity Mapping: Guidance for Early Offshore Wind Spatial Planning | World Bank Group | Guidance | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism | ||
| Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations | Danovaro, R.; Bianchelli, S.; Brambilla, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| SEABIRD: System for Environmental Assessment of Bird/Bat Interactions with Real-time Detection | Chang, G.; Chevitarese, M.; Kramer, S.; et al. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Bats, Birds | |
| Offshore Wind Facts: Birds and Bats | Special Initiative on Offshore Wind | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
| Primary vs grey: A critical evaluation of literature sources used to assess the impacts of offshore wind farms | Szostek, C.; Edwards-Jones, A.; Beaumont, N.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions | |
| A Wind Energy Area Siting Analysis For The Oregon Call Areas | Carlton, J. ; Jossart, J.; Pendleton, F.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Sea Turtles, Fisheries | ||
| Grand Challenges Revisited: Wind Energy Research Needs for a Global Energy Transition | Veers, P.; Dykes, K.; Baranowski, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts | |
| Exploration of potential collaboration on preventive, mitigation and compensation measures | van der Kamp, M.; Brekelmans, M.; Verweij, L. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Quick scan of effects from large upscaling of offshore wind (part B) | Odinga, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
| Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: Discussion Paper on the Challenges and Potential Opportunities Around the Colocation of Offshore Wind Energy with Marine Protected Areas | Stephenson, P. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Hudson South 2 E05 Bat and Bird Acoustic Analysis and Results Summary | Normandeau Associates Inc | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds | ||
| Monitoring Framework for Automated Radio Telemetry at Offshore Wind Projects in the U.S. Atlantic | Loring, P.; Carlson, E.; Gobeille, D.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds | ||
| Monitoring of Marine Life During Offshore Wind Energy Development—Guidelines and Recommendations | Kershaw, F.; Jones, A.; Folsom-O’Keefe, C.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions | ||
| Opportunistic Offshore Sighting of a Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus) | Bort Thornton, J.; Richlen, M.; McDonald, T.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats | |
| Advanced Collision Detection and Site Monitoring for Avian and Bat Species for Offshore Wind Energy (Final Technical Report) | Albertani, R.; Johnston, M. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
| Great Lakes Wind Energy Feasibility Study | Musial, W.; Green, R.; Courbis, S.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts | ||
| U.S. Pacific Coast Workshop Report on Preconstruction Research Recommendations | Green, R.; Severy, M.; Hein, C.; et al. | Workshop Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions | ||
| Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs | SEER; Green, R.; Hein, C.; et al. | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles | |
| International assessment of priority environmental issues for land-based and offshore wind energy development | Green, R.; Gill, E.; Hein, C.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| Floating Offshore Wind: Environmental Interactions Roadmap: Public Summary Report | ORE Catapult; Xodus Group | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation | |
| Commercial Wind Lease and Grant Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Humboldt Wind Energy Area, California | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); BOEM Environmental Studies Program | Report | Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Landscape Decisions to Meet Net Zero Carbon: Pathways that consider ethics, socio-ecological diversity, and landscape functions. Landscape Decisions Report | Cole, B.; Gardner, E.; Willcock, S.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds | |
| Environmental Studies Program: Studies Development Plan 2022-2023 | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals | ||
| Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore North Carolina Draft Supplemental Environmental Assessment | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy | ||
| Wozep midterm evaluation 2021 | Odinga, J.; Barbé, D.; van Mastrigt, A.; et al. | Report | Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy | |
| Monitoring and Modeling Tree Bat (Genera: Lasiurus, Lasionycteris) Occurrence Using Acoustics on Structures off the Mid-Atlantic Coast—Implications for Offshore Wind Development | True, M.; Reynolds, R.; Ford, W. | Journal Article | Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Bats | |
| Oceanic records of North American bats and implications for offshore wind energy development in the United States | Solick, D.; Newman, C. | Journal Article | Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction | Bats | |
| A Review of Biodiversity Data Needs and Monitoring Protocols for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in the Baltic Sea and North Sea | Stephenson, P. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality | |
| State of Maine Offshore Wind Energy Research Array: Application for an Outer Continental Shelf Renewable Energy Research Lease | State of Maine | Report | Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement | ||
| Comments on Commercial Leasing for Wind Power Development on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Offshore Morro Bay, California, East and West Extensions | Flick, P.; Hislop, K.; Humphries, E.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Fish, Reptiles | ||
| Experimental and numerical aeroacoustic analysis of an ultrasound whistle | Zeng, Z.; Sharma, A. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision | Bats | |
| Draft Preliminary Environmental Assessment: Vandenberg Offshore Wind Energy Projects | California State Lands Commission | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts | |
| Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities | Farr, H.; Ruttenberg, B.; Walter, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| Guidelines for Lighting and Marking of Structures Supporting Renewable Energy Development | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Guidance | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Lighting | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
| MOTION OF THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION FOR APPROVAL OF THE ELECTRIC PROGRAM INVESTMENT CHARGE INTERIM INVESTMENT PLAN 2021 | California Energy Commission | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | ||
| Passive Ultrasonic Deterrents to Reduce Bat Mortality in Wind Farms | Sharma, A. | Presentation | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision | Bats | |
| Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values | Copping, A.; Gorton, A.; May, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| The Wildlife Sensitivity Mapping Manual: Practical guidance for renewable energy planning in the European Union | Allinson, T.; Jobson, B.; Crowe, O.; et al. | Guidance | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Marine Mammals | ||
| New York Environmental Technical Working Group (E-TWG) Meeting Summary – 5 October 2020 | Gulka, J. | Workshop Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds | ||
| Testing and Evaluation of "SafeWind" A Bird Protection System | Soni, B.; Loske, K.; Lackmann, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
| Guidelines for Providing Avian Survey Information for Renewable Energy Development on the Outer Continental Shelf | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Guidance | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | ||
| Ecological impact of decommissioning offshore wind farms | Teunis, M.; Collier, M.; Bakker, E.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 4. Offshore: Monitoring and Mitigation | Perrow, M. | Book | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning |
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