Collision Risk Evidence Base

As part of the risk retirement process, OES-Environmental has developed "evidence bases" for several key stressor-receptor interactions. The evidence bases are lists of key research papers and monitoring reports for each stressor-receptor interaction that informs risk retirement for small numbers of marine renewable energy devices. The evidence bases have been reviewed by international subject matter experts at conferences and online workshops as part of OES-Environmental's outreach and engagement strategy.

The collision risk evidence base consists of key research studies and reports that define what we understand about the risk of collision with tidal turbines for marine mammals, fish, and diving seabirds. Additional information on collision risk can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science (Chapter 3), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) presence is reduced during tidal turbine operation Palmer, L., Gillespie, D., Macaulay, J., Sparling, C., Russell, D., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Application of a multibeam echosounder to document changes in animal movement and behaviour around a tidal turbine structure Williamson, B., Blondel, P., Williamson, L., Scott, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Collision risk modelling for tidal energy devices: A flexible simulation-based approach Horne, N., Culloch, R., Schmitt, P., Lieber, L., Wilson, B., Dale, A., Houghton, J., Kregting, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Using Trajectories through a Tidal Energy Development Site in the Bay of Fundy to Study Interaction of Renewable Energy with Local Fish Sanderson, B., Stokesbury, M., Redden, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under multiple operational conditions Grippo, M., Zydlewski, G., Shen, H., Goodwin, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish
Passive acoustic methods for tracking the 3D movements of small cetaceans around marine structures Gillespie, D., Palmer, L., Macauley, J., Sparling, C., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Vertical migrations of fish schools determine overlap with a mobile tidal stream marine renewable energy device Whitton, T., Jackson, S., Hiddink, J., Scoulding, B., Bowers, D., Powell, B., Jackson, T., Gimenez, L., Davies, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Fish, Pelagic Fish
Integrating Hydroacoustic Approaches to Predict Fish Interactions with In-stream Tidal Turbines Viehman, H., Hasselman, D., Boucher, T., Douglas, J., Bennett, L. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Use of a model turbine to investigate the high striking risk of fish with tidal and oceanic current turbine blades under slow rotational speed Yoshida, T., Zhou, J., Park, S., Muto, H., Kitazawa, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal Collision Fish
Using acoustic telemetry for high-resolution sablefish movement informing potential interactions with a tidal turbine Staines, G., Deng, Z., Li, X., Martinez, J., Kohn, N., Harker-Klimes, G. Conference Paper Marine Energy Avoidance, Collision Fish
Quantifying fish-turbine interactions using VEMCO’s new high residency acoustic electronic tagging technology McLean, M., Sanderson, B., Lilly, J., Tsitrin, E., Stokesbury, M. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
An agent-based model to predict fish collisions with tidal stream turbines Rossington, K., Benson, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Salmonid response to a vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine in a stream aquarium Berry, M., Sundberg, J., Francisco, F. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Empirical Determination of Severe Trauma in Seals from Collisions with Tidal Turbine Blade Onoufriou, J., Brownlow, A., Moss, S., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds, Marine Spatial Planning
Power Take-Off System for a Subsea Tidal Kite D6.2 - Environmental Impact Report Kregting, L., Schmitt, P., Lieber, L., Culloch, R., Horne, N., Smyth, A. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Empirical measures of harbor seal behavior and avoidance of an operational tidal turbine Joy, R., Wood, J., Sparling, C., Tollit, D., Copping, A., McConnell, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Monitoring Different Type of Fish Around Tidal and Oceanic Current Turbines in Water Tank Yoshida, T., Zhou, J., Park, S., Kitazawa, D. Conference Paper Marine Energy Collision Fish
Applying a simple model for estimating the likelihood of collision of marine mammals with tidal turbines Copping, A., Grear, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Winter and summer differences in probability of fish encounter (spatial overlap) with MHK devices Viehman, H., Boucher, T., Redden, A. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Harbour Seals Avoid Tidal Turbine Noise: Implications for Collision Risk Hastie, G., Russell, D., Lepper, P., Elliot, J., Wilson, B., Benjamins, S., Thompson, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) around an operational tidal turbine in Strangford Narrows: No barrier effect but small changes in transit behaviour Sparling, C., Lonergan, M., McConnell, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Displacement Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Characterization of Marine Mammal Biomechanics to Evaluate Tidal Turbine Collision Impact Grear, M. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
First in situ Passive Acoustic Monitoring for Marine Mammals during Operation of a Tidal Turbine in Ramsey Sound, Wales Malinka, C., Gillespie, D., Macaulay, J., Joy, R., Sparling, C. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Marine Mammals
A Tool for Simulating Collision Probabilities of Animals with Marine Renewable Energy Devices Schmitt, P., Culloch, R., Lieber, L., Molander, S., Hammar, L., Kregting, L. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision
Understanding the Potential Risk to Marine Mammals from Collision with Tidal Turbines Copping, A., Grear, M., Jepsen, R., Chartrand, C., Gorton, A. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Marine Mammals
Hydroacoustic Assessment of Behavioral Responses by Fish Passing Near an Operating Tidal Turbine in the East River, New York Bevelhimer, M., Scherelis, C., Colby, J., Adonizio, M. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance Fish
Triton: Igiugig Fish Video Analysis Matzner, S., Trostle, C., Staines, G., Hull, R., Avila, A., Harker-Klimes, G. Report Riverine, Marine Energy Fish
Impact assessment of marine current turbines on fish behavior using an experimental approach based on the similarity law Zhang, J., Kitazawa, D., Taya, S., Mizukami, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Operational Noise from Tidal Turbine Arrays and the Assessment of Collision Risk with Marine Mammals Marmo, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Noise Marine Mammals
Behavioral Responses of Fish to a Current-Based Hydrokinetic Turbine Under Multiple Operational Conditions: Final Report Grippo, M., Shen, H., Zydlewski, G., Rao, S., Goodwin, A. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Fish
Interactions of Aquatic Animals with the ORPC OCGen in Cobscook Bay, Maine: Monitoring Behavior Change and Assessing the Probability of Encounter with a Deployed MHK Device Zydlewski, G., Staines, G., Viehman, H., Shen, H., Altenritter, M. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Fish
Informing a Tidal Turbine Strike Probability Model through Characterization of Fish Behavioral Response using Multibeam Sonar Output Bevelhimer, M., Colby, J., Adonizio, M., Tomichek, C., Scherelis, C. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Fish
Estimating the probability of fish encountering a marine hydrokinetic device Shen, H., Zydlewski, G., Viehman, H., Staines, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Assessing collision risk between underwater turbines and marine wildlife Scottish Natural Heritage Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision
Tidal Turbine Collision Detection Requirements Report Jha, S. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Harbor Seal - Tidal Turbine Collision Risk Models. An Assessment of Sensitivities. Wood, J., Joy, R., Sparling, C. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Brims Tidal Array Collision Risk Modelling - Atlantic Salmon Xodus Group Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Nova Bluemull Sound - Appropriate Assessment Marine Scotland Science Report Marine Energy, Tidal Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Refining Estimates of Collision Risk for Harbour Seals and Tidal Turbines Band, B., Sparling, C., Thompson, D., Onoufriou, J., San Martin, E., West, N. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Data Based Estimates of Collision Risk: An Example Based on Harbour Seal Tracking Data around a Proposed Tidal Turbine Array in the Pentland Firth Thompson, D., Onoufriou, J., Brownlow, A., Morris, C. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
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